656 GENERAL REMARKS 



fluting of the fibula and of the sabre-shape of the tibia which 

 are found to accompany it, these skeletons contrast with many of 

 the probably earlier skeletons described by the authors just re- 

 ferred to. 



It has been stated above, p. 646, that many craniographers have 

 found it difficult to distinguish between the crania of the Celtic 

 and the Teutonic races, or, in the words of the German antiquary, 

 between the crania of the ' Steingraber\' the analogues of our long 

 barrows, and the ' Reihen-graber ' period. It is almost needless to 

 say that the strength and length and other characteristics of the 

 Anglo-Saxon skeletons found buried with such accompaniments ^ 

 as to justify us in referring them to early periods in the Anglo- 

 Saxon conquest of this island will enable any osteologist to 

 distinguish them from the stone period skeletons. 



A more detailed comparison of these two sets of skeletons with 

 each other and with those of the bronze age brings out further 

 points of difference between them, and throws a most instructive 

 light upon the social condition of the respective periods. One of 

 these points is the great inferiority of size of the female skeletons 

 belonging to the earlier period as compared with those of the later, 

 or with the male skeletons of their own times. It is easy to under- 

 stand ^ how the German women came to be almost equal to the men 



does, that the presence or absence of one or other of these peculiarities indicates a 

 difference of race. As I have said in a detailed account ( Journ. Anthrop. Instit., Oct. 

 1875, p. 149) of the Osteology of the long barrow at Nether Swell, I should agree 

 with M. Broca in assigning such perforated humeri to female skeletons, and their 

 presence there I should explain by what follows pp. 659, 660 infra, as to the harder 

 lot and slighter build of the females in savage tribes. 



^ A very copious list of synonyms for graves of the stone period is given by Weinhold 

 (Sitzungsberichte d. k. Akad. der phil. hist. CI., Bd xxix. Heft. 2, 1859, pp. 119, 

 121). His words are — ' Sie heissen in Diinemark Steendysser, in England Cromlechs, 

 in Frankreich Pierres plates oder Grottes aux fees, in Deutschland gewbhnlich 

 Hdnengriiber. Andere Namen sind Hiinenkeller, Htinentritte, Hiinenberge, Riesen- 

 betten, Riesenkeller, Zwerg- oder Quargberge, Teufelsbetten, Teufelsaltiire, Teufels- 

 kanzel, Teufelskiichen, Steinhaiiser, Steinofen, Carlsteine, Schluppsteine, Weinberge.* 

 For the single variety of Steingraber which is known as Hiinenbetten, and corre- 

 sponds to our ' long barrows with peristaliths ' (for which see Thurnam, Archaeologia, 

 xlii. 1869, p. 51), there exist the following German (?. c. p. 121) synonyms : 

 Hiinenhiigel, Hlinenstatt, Hiinenburg, Hiihnentritt, Hiibnenkirchoff, Riesenbetten, 

 Riesenberg, Teufelsberg, Bulterbelt, Dansenstein, Danzelstein, Danzelberg, Steintanz, 

 Sonnenstein, Wulfstein, Steinkirche, Steinkreis. This multitude of names is a proof 

 of the age of these monuments, nearly as convincing as the presence of stone- and 

 bone- and the absence of metallic implements. 



'■' For an account of these accompaniments see Archseologia, xlii. 1870; Excavations 

 at Frilford, p 436 seqq. 



' Dr. Leonard Schmidt, art ' Germania ;' Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman 

 Geography, p. 995. 



