UPON THE SERIES OF PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 657 



both in strength and in size when we read (Tacitus, Germania, cap. 

 16) that their marriage-presents oijiincti hoves, ])aratus eqicus, data 

 arma were intended to teach them symbolically venire se laborum 

 penciilorumqne soc'ias^ idem in pace, idem in prcelio passuras ausiirasque. 

 In women subjected to such equal trials, and incited to such equal 

 aspirations, the great sexual disparities at once of a physical, moral 

 and intellectual nature, which have so often been noted as well in 

 more civilised as in more savage communities, would on principles 

 of natural selection tend to disappear. That the series of skeletons 

 from the bronze period also contrasts and in the same way with the 

 series from the stone and bone period, may be gathered from the 

 fact that in the series from the later period there is from time to 

 time a difficulty in distinguishing the sex of the skeletons when 

 the entire number of the bones are not preserved, a difficulty which 

 scarcely ever arises in the cases of pre-metallic skeletons. The 

 subequality in size of the sexes in the Gallic races was expressly 

 noted by Diodorus, and many other writers, ancient as regards our 

 times but entirely modern as regards the long-barrow era, have, as 

 I have pointed out above, p. 565, remarked that in Celtic, no less 

 than in German tribes, both sexes exposed themselves to the same 

 risks in war. To the British of the time of Boadicea, Tacitus ^ tells 

 us (Ann. xiv. 35), it was solitmn feminarum ductu hellare ^; and the 

 presence and participation of women in governments, battles, and 

 massacres is repeatedly mentioned by the same writer (see Agricola, 

 16, 31, 32 ; Germania, 8 ; Ann. xiv. 30. See also Diodorus, v. 32, 

 39; Strabo, iii. 4, 17, 18, vii. 2, 3 ; Dio Cassius, Ixii. 4; and supra, 

 p. 565). 



The words of Dio Cassius^, a historian deserving, even as 



^ Tacitus of course is writing {locc. citt.) of races whom the antiquary would speak 

 of as 'late Celts,' but the physical subequality which this community of risks as 

 incurred in his days must have entailed had existed in the much earlier bronze age ; 

 and the brachy-cephalic type persisted not only through the late Celtic period, biit, 

 as the examination of the Oxfordshire Crawley tumidus carried on by Mr. Akerman, 

 Dr. Thurnam, and myself have shown, to a much later period. Indeed in this 

 tumulus the crania were almost exclusively brachy-cephalic, and to a most marked 

 degi'ce, while the skeletons possessed the size and strength already described (pp. 641, 

 655 supra) as being usually found to characterise the trunk and limb bones to which 

 such crania appertain. For an account of the Crawley tumulus, see Akerman, 

 Archseologia, xxxvii. p. 432 ; Thurnam, ihid. xlii. p. 175. 



^ See p. 565 supra, and Bates, 'Naturalist on the Amazons,' ii. 132 ; Clements Mark- 

 ham, 'Travels in Peru and India,' p. 159; Rochholtz, Deutsche Glaube, ii. 289. 



^ "Bovvdovi'Ka jwfj BpeTavt'ts, yevovs tov fiaatXdov, fiuCov r} /carcL jvvatKa (ppov-qiia 

 exovffa . . . ^v Se Kat to awfia fnyiaTrj Kal to eJ5os PXaffvpcordTr] to t< P\e/j,/xa 

 SpiftvTaTT)' Kal TO (jyOiyfxa Tpaxv f'x*' "'"'?'' '''* Kofirjv ir\(iaTr]v Ti Kal (avBoTaTTjv jue'xP' 

 Tujv yXovrui/ KaOiiTo. ' Boadicea, a British woman of the royal family, had more than 



U U 



