UPON THE SERIES OE PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 661 



to be found among all the members of wild and prehistoric races. 

 The assumption, and the inference based upon it, are equally unsub- 

 stantial J savages are exposed to greater vicissitudes in their battle 

 alike with inanimate and animate forces than are the veriest out- 

 casts of civilised society; and as regards the means of meeting 

 these emergencies, compared with savages ' our basest beggars are 

 superfluous.' 'The action of the environment,' 'I'influence des 

 milieux/ counts really for more instead of for less upon savage 

 than upon civilised man ; and as a matter of fact this more potent 

 working is as distinctly verifiable upon the living modern savage 

 as it is upon a series of bones from the stone-age barrows, Mr. 

 Bates, e.g. says, when (Naturalist on the Amazons, vol. ii. p. 129), 

 writing of a Brazilian tribe, the Mundurucus (whom, he says 

 indeed, p. 131, it would be a misnomer to call 'savages; their 

 regular mode of life, agricultural habits, loyalty to their chiefs, 

 fidelity to treaties, and gentleness of demeanour giving them a right 

 to a better title,' but who nevertheless, on his own showing as to 

 details such as dress, &c., p. 125, appear to have owed very little to 

 civilisation and the arts) : ' The great difference in figure, shape of 

 head, and arrangement of features amongst these people struck me 

 forcibly, and showed how little uniformity there is in these respects 

 amongst the Brazilian Indians, even when belonging to the same 

 tribe. The only points in which they all closely resembled each 

 other were the long thick straight jet-black hair, the warm coppery- 

 brown tint of the skin, and the quiet rather dull expression of 

 countenance. I saw no countenance so debased in expression as 

 many seen amongst the Mura tribe, and no head of the Mongolian 

 type, broad with high cheek bones, and oblique position of the eyes, 

 of which single examples occur amongst the semi-civilised canoemen 

 on the river.' The fact, finally, of the existence in certain un- 

 civilised races of a far greater difierence between the skulls of the 

 women and those of the men than that which exists in European 

 races, is put forward with emphasis by Dr. Zuckerkandl, in the 

 Reise der Novara, Anthrop. Thiel, i. 1875, p. iii ; and, besides 

 proving, when compared with the utterances of Retzius, Huschke, 

 and Broca, to precisely the opposite efiect, the variability of savage 

 female crania, brings, when compared with the results of an exami- 

 nation of female loug-barrow crania, a fresh illustration of the 

 importance of collecting, while yet we may, all the available facts 

 for the illustration of ancient savage life. 



In saying that the dolicho-cephalic skeletons of the long-barrow 



