663 GENERAL EEMAEKS 



period contrast in the points of strength and stature to disadvantage 

 with those of the bronze age, it is by no means intended to assert 

 that ill-filled skulls and stunted skeletons are never to be found in 

 the brachy-cepbalie series. The very reverse of this indeed has 

 been already, p. 589, pointed out as being the state of the case. 

 The races of the bronze age were in possession of larger means for 

 carrying on the battle of life than those of the stone age ; still, 

 they lived in latitudes which we are sometimes tempted to think 

 are only made endurable by the command of glass, and coal, and 

 iron ; and they must, like races in more modern times in a somewhat 

 similar stage of development, have from time to time suffered 

 greatly from famines. Suffering from scarcity of food at a critical 

 period of growth is sufficient to stunt the stature of individuals 

 even of tall races who may be subjected to it. The chiefs would 

 be less liable than the common people to be so affected ; Mr, Bates 

 indeed tells us of a Brazilian tribe (Naturalist on the Amazons, ii. 

 p. 127), how the ' footmarks of the chief could be distinguished from 

 the rest by their great size and the length of the stride ;' still, 

 a long continued succession of murrains and bad harvests would 

 affect all classes alike, even in the bronze as well as the stone age. 

 The stature would be more likely to be affected by the operation of 

 such times of scarcity than would the size of the head, as it goes 

 on increasing for so many years, possibly years of scarcity, after the 

 full proportions of the cranium are attained to ^. But small and 

 ill-filled skulls as well as short skeletons are to be found in the 

 brachy-cephalic ^ as well as in the dolicho-cephalic series, even if not 



^ The average circumference of the head has been shown by Liharzig (Das Gesetz 

 des Wachsthums, Tab. v. and vi.) to be but a little over an inch less in either sex at 

 the age of fourteen than it is in adult life, the exact measurements giving a difference 

 of 3 centimetres = 1-181" for each sex, and being 54 : 57 centimetres for males, and 

 52' 5 : 53 5 for females. The potential increment of the statm-e subsequently to the 

 age of fourteen averages, according to the same authority, 12 centimetres = 4-72 

 inches for males, being the difference between 163 centimetres = 64-17 inches, and 175 

 centimetres = 68-89 inches ; and 12 centimetres = 4*72 inches for females, being the 

 difference between 161 centimetres = 63-38 inches, and 173 centimetres = 67-11 inches. 

 But here Liharzig appeai-s to underestimate the average difference between the sexes 

 at the age of twenty-five. See Taff. iv. and v. and p. 15. 



^ Such for example are the brachy-cephalic skulls of which a record is given under 

 the following titles and at the specified pages of this work :— ' Goodmanham, cxvii. 1,' 

 p. 326 ; ' Rudstone, Ixiii. 3,' and ' 6,' p. 248 ; ' Rudstone, Ixvi. 1,' p. 254 ; ' Eudstone, 

 ccxxxiv. 4,' p. 555 ; ' Weaverthorpe, xh4. 4,' p. 200 ; ' Weaverthorpe, xhii. 5,' p. 195 ; 

 ' Brough, xxi. 6,' p. 163 ; ' Flixton, Ixxi. 6,' p. 276 ; ' Sherburn Wold, ix. 2,' p. 148. With 

 these skulls may be compared the Ancient British Skull from Codford figured in the 

 Crania Britannica, pi. xiv., by Dr. Barnard Da\'is ; in the Canadian Journal, No. xli., 

 Sept. 1862, by Professor Daniel Wilson, and stated to have a cubical content of 



