712 GENERAL REMARKS 



p. 460; Proceedings of the Eoyal Institution, 1870, p. 118) from 

 the examination of their burial-grounds, as well as of other evidence, 

 to have displaced the population they found in occupation of it as 

 entirely and completely ^ as it has ever been found possible for in- 

 vaders to do. The existence in the England of those days of large 

 woods and forests and marshes, a point dwelt upon by Professor 

 Pearson at pp. 4 and 24, and illustrated by several of his ' Historical 

 Maps of England,' must have made the entire extirpation of the 

 Romano-British population an impossibility ^ ; and enables us to 

 understand how even in the time of Canute British outlaws carried 

 on brigandage even in such counties as Huntingdonshire. 



There is of course no need to adduce any argument in favour of 

 the self-evident proposition that the brachy-cephalic metal-using 

 Celt was in date but of yesterday as compared with the troglodytic 

 men of the continent; but the line of argument which may be 

 employed in favour of this conclusion as regards the neolithic 

 man of our long barrows, that, namely, such as it is, which rests 

 upon the continuity of descent which appears to connect this stock 

 with the dark Welsh and Gael of our own days and country, would 

 not admit of being so used as regards the later race. For, as has 

 been above (pp. 126, 630, 631, 681) pointed out", the cranial and 

 skeletal characters of the bronze-using Celt are very closely similar 



* In this, which appears to have been a very thoroughly Teutonised district, the 

 crania of the present agi-icultural population appear to me to be very closely similar 

 to or indeed scarcely distinguishable from those of the Saxons of the times when they 

 first discontinued cremation. 



^ Captaiia Thomas (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., April, 1876, xi. part ii. p. 504) may be 

 quite right as to his ' theory of the entire removal by slaughter or flight of the Celtic 

 people' of the Hebrides; but the evidence from 'place-names' is not by itself suffi- 

 cient to support this conclusion. The ' place-names ' in many districts of England in 

 which the so-called ' Black Celts ' are still largely represented, will be found to be 

 exclusively Scandina\'ian or Saxon. Small islands of course which have neither dense 

 woods nor lofty mountains to sers'e as refuges to their occupants may, as the miserable 

 history of the Greek Archipelago has shown from the time of Datis and Ai-taphernes 

 (Hdt. vi. 31) do«ai to our own, have their inhabitants entirely extirpated. And this 

 may have been the case when the Hebrides were invaded by the Northmen. But as 

 regards larger islands and continental areas the lines from Wordsworth's ' Poems 

 dedicated to National Independence and Liberty,' 



' Two voices are there ; one is of the sea, 

 One of the mountains,' 

 need to be supplemented by a mention of woodlands. 



^ The very frequent discovery of amber ornaments in round baiTows may be fairly 

 considered as an argument in favour of their 'Cimbric' or 'Baltic' origin. Mr. Spence 

 Bate (see Trans. Devon Assoc. 1872) considers the beautiful amber dagger-pommel 

 found in a round barrow on Dartmoor as evidence for the ' Scandinavian ' character 

 of the interment. For amber-ornaments on bronze weapons, see Montelius, Congi-. 

 Internat. Anth. C. R. Stockholm, ii. 833, and Catalogue, Stockholm Museum, 1876, 

 p. 40. 



