743 APPENDIX. 



man and share his fortunes, and, I incline to think, most of all, 



of their solidarity with him in supporting- the alternation of 



generations of certain entozoa, perhaps equal claims in this matter 



with the other five animals specified. For my own part I should 



incline to favour the claims of the dog, on the general grounds 



of the hunting stage having been earlier in date than the 



pastoral and of the facility with which commensalism would be set 



up between the two species when they happened to enter into 



partnership in the chase. What I saw at Cissbury (see Journal 



Anth. Institute, July, 1876, vol. vi. p. 22) impressed me very much 



with the idea that the pitfall counted for much more in the earliest 



times than I had previously imagined. A wild animal was much 



more easily mastered in that way ^ than in any other available to 



the man to whom 



'Arma antiqua manus, ungues, dentesque fueruiit 

 Et lapides et item sylvarum fragmina rami.' — Lucret. v. 1282. 



The wild dogs which fed themselves or were allowed to feed upon 

 the remnants of the animals thus caught and slaughtered would 

 not be slow ti)' learn the lesson of attachment to place, and out of, 

 or upon this, might very readily grow the feeling of attachment to 

 person. It requires a greater effort of imagination on our part 

 to imagine a pack of wild dogs co-operating with priscan men in 

 driving a herd of wild cattle or wild pigs (both of which were 

 represented in the Cissbury pits) along a track in which a pitfall 

 had been dug and covered over. Still what we know of the 

 relations subsisting between savage men and dogs or dingoes 



' Csesar's words (B. G. vi. 28) used of tlie Gemians captimng Bos primigenius, 

 ' hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt,' I had commented upon (Journ. Anth. Inst., 

 I. c.) before learning that Keller (' Lake Dwellings,' pp. 298, 299, trans. Lee) had 

 written as he has done. The Old Testament wT.'iters make innumerable references to 

 the use of the pitfall. The tradition of its employment by the Ancient Britons sur- 

 vived into the days of Henry V., and of Hardyng who in his ' Chronicle in Meti'e fro 

 the first Begynuing of Englande,' cit. Youatt on the sheep, speaks of 'pitfalles and 

 trapi^es' as well as 



'Arrows and boltes 

 To slee the deere, the bull, also the boi-e. 

 The bear, and byrdes that were therein before.' 

 For the use of the pitfall by the Esquimaux, see an excellent paper by N. L. Austen, 

 Esq., in the ' Reliquiae Aquitanicse,' p. 217. The fact that the Esquimaux have fitted 

 their pitfall for the reindeer with a trap-door revohdng on two short axles of wood, as 

 is done in the so-called 'tij^e ' or 'tip' in rabbit warrens, together with other considera- 

 tions, makes me doubt whether Daniel (Rural Sports, vol. i. p. 351) can be right in 

 holding that this last is 'a modern invention.' The Norway reindeer is similarly 

 taken in a 'rengraven' (see Austen, /. c), and the kangaroo in Western Australia 

 (see Eyre, Central Australia, ii. 278; Nind, Journ. Royal Geog. See. i. p. 30, 1831). 



I 



