CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 187 



another question arose, viz. : how can so isolated a corpuscle (imbedded in a 

 firm "intercellular" substance) obtain nutrition? It was assumed that the 

 nourishing liquid reaches the corpuscle either by diffusion or else through 

 canals, or clefts, or fissures in the homogeneous basis-substance. The idea 

 of the existence of juice-channels originated with Von Eecklinghausen. He 

 found in silver-stained preparations of the cornea communicating colorless 

 spaces on a dark background, and believing that the cornea consisted of 

 fibrillary tissue knit together by a cement-substance, he thought that this 

 cement-substance was tunneled by a system of communicating canals, " Saft- 

 Kanalchen," and that it is this system of canals which is not stained by 

 silver. Innumerable investigations, under all sorts of circumstances, have 

 been undertaken to settle satisfactorily whether preformed juice-channels 

 exist in cartilage, or whether juices can be imbibed without such. In lower 

 animals corresponding canals had long been reported to be found, by 

 Queckett * and by Bergmann t in cephalopodes, and by Leydig t in various 

 fishes ; and certain pathological observations by Virchow, $ Zahn, || Cornil and 

 Ranvier,1f and Eindfleisch, 1 as well as senile changes studied by Weichsel- 

 baum, 2 seemed to point to their presence in man. Pigment particles were 

 introduced into the circulation, in the hope of discovering the manner in which 

 they penetrate the tissue of cartilage, by Gerlach, 3 Maas, 4 Arnold, 5 and 

 Nykamp and Treub 6 ; Klittner, with the same end in view, introduced solu- 

 tions into the trachea and examined the bronchial and tracheal cartilages 7 ; 

 and Henoque, 8 Budge, 9 Tizzoni, 10 and others forcibly injected liquids as 

 well as solid particles into the tissues. The results of these experiments, 

 and of examinations with various re-agents, are contradictory of each 

 other. For instance, while Bubnoff, 11 Hertwig, 12 Henoque, 13 Lee we, 14 Thin, l5 



* " Catalogue of the Historical Series in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons," 

 1850, vol. i., p. 102. 



t " Disquisitioues Microscopicse de Cartilaginibus in specie Hyalinicis." Inaug. Dissert., 

 Dorpat, 1850. 



t " Zur Anatomie und Histologie der Chimaera Monstrosa." Mueller's Archiv, 1851, p. 

 242. 



" Ein Fall allgemeiiier Ochronose der Knorpel und kuorpelahnlichen Theile." Vir- 

 cliow's Archiv, xxxvii., 1866, p. 212. 



11 " Ueber Pigmentinfiltration des Knorpels." Ibid., Ixxii., 1878. 

 IT " Mauuel (VHistologie Pathologique," Paris, 1869, p. 427. 



1 " Lehrbuch der Pathologischen Gewebelehre." Leipzig, 1878, p. 553. 



2 Sitzungsber. der K. Akademie d. Wiss. in Wien, Bd. 75, 1877. 



3 " Ueber d,as Verhalten des iudigschwefelsauren Natrons im Knorpelgewebe lebender 

 Thiere." Erlangen, 1876. 



4 " Ueber das Wachsthum und die Regeneration der Rohrenknochen." Archiv fiir 

 klinisf.he Chirurgie, xx., 1877. 



s " Die Abscheidung des indigschwefelsauren Natron im Kuorpelgewebe." "Virchow's 

 Arcliiv, Ixxiii., 1878. 



e " Beitrag zur Kenutniss der Struetur des Knorpels." Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anat- 

 oinie, xiv., 1877. 



7 " Die Abscheidung des iudigschwefelsaureu Natron in den Geweben der Lunge." 

 Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wiss., 1875, No. xlii., p. 268. 



s " Structure des Cartilages." Gazette Mtdicale, 1873, p. 589 ; p. 617. 



9 " Die Saftbahuen im hyaliuen Knorpel." Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anatomic, xiv., 1877; 

 xvi., 1879. 



10 Sulla Istologia Normale e Patologica delle Cartilagini lalini." Archivio per le 

 Scieuze Mediche, ii., 1877. n Loc. cit. 



12 " Ueber die Eutwickelung und den Bau des elastischen Gewebes im Netzknorpel." 

 Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anatomie, is., 1873, p. 80. 13 Loc. cit. 



11 " Ueber cine eigeuthiiiuliche Zeichnuug iiu Hyalinknorpel." Wiener Med. Jahrbuchcr, 

 1874. 



is " On the Structure of Hyaline Cartilage." Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 

 vol. xvi., 1876. 



