306 NERVE-TISSUE. 



element, and as what gives to the zoospore the faculty of altering its figure 

 without any corresponding change in volume. 7 He concludes that protoplasm 

 must "be regarded as the prime seat of almost all vital activity, but especially 

 of all the motile phenomena in the interior of the cell.' In 1853, Huxley* 

 said: 'Vitality the faculty, that is, of exhibiting definite cycles of change in 

 form and composition is a property inherent in certain kinds of matter.' In 

 1855, Ungert thought that 'the proximate cause of the movements of the sap 

 in the cells is to be sought neither in diosmosis, nor in the action of the 

 nuclear vesicle, nor in any mechanical contrivance, such as cilia, but it 

 lies rather in the constitution of the self-moving protoplasm, which, as an 

 especially nitrogenous body of the nature of that simple contractile animal 

 substance called sarcode, produces the rhythmically advancing contraction 

 and expansion.' 



"In 1856, Lord S. G. Osborne discovered carmine staining, and distin- 

 guished, by means of coloring it, the living formative matter from the formed 

 material a means which has borne important fruits in the discovery of Cohn- 

 heim's staining of living matter by gold chloride, and in that of Reckling- 

 hausen's staining all except living matter by silver nitrate. 



"In 1858, and in a number of later articles, t Max Schultze, by showing 

 that, as had been hypothetically supposed by linger, the movements of the 

 pseudopodia and the granules are really produced by active contractile move- 

 ments of the protoplasm, and by other observations, contributed much to the 

 establishment of the theory of living matter. Hasckel has also for many 

 years, and in various publications, labored to maintain and extend the same 

 theory, of which he thus expresses himself : || ' The protoplasm or sarcode 

 theory, that is ... that this albuminous material is the original active sub- 

 stratum of all vital phenomena, may, perhaps, be considered one of the greatest 

 achievements of modern biology, and one of the richest in results.' And says 

 Drysdale : IF ' If the grand theory of the one true living matter was, as we have 

 seen, hypothetically advanced by Fletcher, yet the merit of the discovery of 

 the actual anatomical representation of it belongs to Beale, in accordance 

 with the usual and right award of the title of discoverer to him alone who 

 demonstrates truths by proof and fact. . . . The cardinal point in the theory 

 of Dr. Beale is not the destruction of the completeness of the cell of Schwaim 

 as the elementary unit, for that was already accomplished by others. . . . 

 But that, from the earliest visible speck of germ up to the last moment of life, 

 in every living thing, plant, animal, and protist, the attribute of life is 

 restricted to one anatomical element alone, and this homogeneous and struct- 



" Review of the Cell-theory." British and Foreign Medico-Chirury. Review, October, 

 1853. 



t " Anatomie uud Physiologie der Pflanzen," 1855, pp. 280, 282. 



i" Ueber innere Bewegungs-Erscheinungen bei Diatomeen," Mailer's Archiv, 1858, 

 p. 330; "Ueber Cornuspira," Archiv f. Naturgesch., 1860, p. 287; "Ueber Muskelkor- 

 perchen uud das was man eine Zelle zu nenneu habe," Reichert uiid Du Bois-Reymond's 

 Archiv, 1861, p. 1; "Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden uud der Ptianzenzellen," Leipzig, 

 1863. 



" Monographie der Radiolarien," 1862, pp. 89, 116; "Ueber den Sarcodekorper der 

 Rhizopoden," Zeitsch. f . Wisseusch. Zoologie, 1865, p. 342 ; " Generelle Morphologic," vol. i. 

 pp. 269, 289. 



|| " Monographic der Moneren," Jenaische Zeitschl't. f. Medicin und Natnrwissenscliat't. 

 1868, iv. 1 ; translation in Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 1869, vol. ix., 

 p. 223. 



TI Loc. cit, p. 42, et seq. 



