420 INFLAMMATION. 



off from the underlying membraneous connective tissue, and in 

 the secretions are found to exhibit different degrees of an endo- 

 genous new formation of bioplasson. In the case of stratified 

 epithelia, the outermost are shed off without marked changes, 

 their bioplasson being lost in a horny metamorphosis. Some- 

 times the nuclei in these epithelia are seen to be homogeneous 

 or coarsely granular, indicating that these formations are still 

 endowed with a certain degree of vitality. The cuboidal epithelia 

 of the middle, and the columnar epithelia of the deepest, layer 

 show, in the most marked manner, the inflammatory changes 

 described above. 



Whether or not lost epithelia can be replaced by a new forma- 

 tion arising from the subjacent connective tissue is still an unset- 

 tled question, notwithstanding the numerous experiments which 

 have been made. It is also unknown how the new formation of 

 epithelia proceeds from former epithelia, although it probably 

 takes place in the same manner, as will be described later on, in 

 the article by L. Elsberg on papilloma viz., from wedge-shaped 

 bioplasson masses, springing from coalescence and growth of 

 the inter-epithelial connecting filaments (" prickles"), imbedded 

 in the cement-substance. That such a new formation is 

 actually and rapidly going on is illustrated by the catarrhal 

 inflammation of mucous membranes, in which great quantities of 

 epithelia are lost, and again replaced after the inflammation has 

 subsided. The cast-off epithelia of single layers are probably 

 never completely restored. 



A third series of changes of epithelia is observed in fibrinous 

 or croupous inflammation. Here the epithelia are imbedded in ? 

 and saturated with, the exudate, and are either completely 

 destroyed or only their nuclei are left. Such a destruction of epi- 

 thelia takes place in the croupous inflammation of mucous mem- 

 branes ( Wagner) and in the croupous inflammation of the kidneys. 

 The production of tubular casts in the latter disease is largely 

 due to a degenerative metamorphosis of the epithelial elements 

 of the uriniferous tubules. 



Cornil and Ranvier were the first who maintained that in 

 inflammation the endothelia are enlarged, and their nuclei divide 

 and become the source from which pus-corpuscles are formed. 

 The inflammatory changes of the endothelia of the peritoneum 

 (omentum) have been studied most accurately by H. Kundrat. 

 He noticed first a loss of the cement-substance, in place of which 

 scattered globular bodies were seen. Next, enlargement and 



