DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 309 



TEARING AND TORSION. 



These two methods are similar. In tearing, the cord was sub- 

 jected to a certain amount of torsion by the hand, and then torn 

 apart at a given point in its length, while in simple torsion we 

 divide the cord by twisting it with instruments. 



FREE TORSION. 



This is where the band alone is employed in the operation. 



LIMITED TORSION. 



Limited torsion is the operation by which the division of the 

 spermatic cord is effected by torsion made upon a given point, 

 and limited by special instruments. Operation by the instru- 

 ments was first introduced in 1883 by two French veterinarians. 



LINEAR CRUSHING. 



The ecraseur was brought into use by Mr. H. Bouley in the 

 year 1857. It is the best method of operation known, and is 

 more surgical than any other methods. The function of the 

 instrument is to effect the division of living parts without hemor- 

 rhage. The original ecraseur has received many improvements. 

 The essential design is to produce a general constriction of the 

 blood vessels, by which, their internal and middle coats being 

 first divided, they may contract within the cavity of the vessel 

 in sucli a manner as to close their cavity and form a sort of 

 stopper to the artery. 



The operation is comparatively a very simple one. Take a 

 firm hold of the testicle with the left hand, if the operator be 

 right-handed, and with a bold stroke make an incision through 

 tlio coverings of the testicle. The testicle being exposed, the 

 chain of the instrument is to be placed around the cord, well up; 

 the contraction of the chain, as it divides the tissues, should be 

 slow. Several seconds should elapse between each rotation of 

 the wheel. This divides the tissues in a proper manner. The 

 animal is then set at liberty. 



