358 THE STOCK owner's ADVISER. 



Schneiderian membrane. Sneezing or snorting is an indication 

 of an irritation in connection with the Schneiderian membrane. 



LARYNGEAL SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 



In health the sonnd is that of a soft to-and-fro sound. The 

 laryngea] ?onnds of disease are many. 



Gruxtixg. — When the animal is struck or pulls heavily, he 

 grunts. This is normal with some horses; but the grunt is to be 

 regarded with suspicion, and the animal should be thoroughly 

 tried for its wind. It is frequently a forerunner of roaring. 



Whistling is a modification of roaring, and is an unsoundness. 



Roaring. — This consists of a loud, unnatural sound emitted 

 during the inspiratory act. It is a symptom of acute laryngitis; 

 if such, it only indicates temporary unsoundness. It is generally 

 found, however, to be due to disease and wasting of the muscles 

 of the larynx. It is then an unsoundness. 



COUGHS. 



A cough is produced by a violent expulsion of air from the 

 lungs over the vocal chords. It is a symptom of various diseases. 



The dry cough is symptomatic of a dryness of the respirators' 

 mucous membrane. The cough of pleurisy is a dry, painful, and 

 prolonged cough. The hollow cough is a symptom of chronic 

 disease. The moist cough indicates an inflamed and humid con- 

 dition of the re^^piratory mucous membrane. The broken wind 

 cough is a suppressed, deep, hollow cough. 



In connection with the trachea, there are what is known as 

 tracheal rales, a peculiar rattling in the throat. This is a symptom 

 of death. 



THORACIC SOUNDS. 



The normal respiratory murmur is a soft diffused murmur of a 

 gentle, breezy character. The length of expiration is about one- 

 fourth that of inspiration. The normal bronchial sounds resem- 

 ble the blowing of air quickly through a tube. The sound is dis- 



