110 INDUSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



into planks and scantling, and the followini,^ kinds arc commonly 

 known in the timber-trade : — 



(a) Pieces Square, or nearly so, in Section. (Fig. 30.) 



i. Scantlings may be 8 to 20 feet long, and in section 



4 inches by 5 inches, up to 9 inches by 9 inches ; sawn from logs 



and beams, of 5 to 10 inches mid-diumeter 



^'^- ^°- and 8 to 20 feet long, also from planks. 



They are used for supporting floors and roofs, 



for door-posts, gates, c'^'c. 



ii. Battens, or small scantlings, may bo 

 8 to 20 feet long, and in section 4 inches by 4 -inch, up to 

 7 inches by 3 inches. They are used for door- and window- 

 frames, &c. 



iii. Laths are made by sawing up planks, and are G to 

 20 feet long, and in section 2 inches by i-inch, up to 4 inches by 

 1 inch. They are used in supporting tiles, slates and ceilings, 

 also espaliers, vines, &c. ; they are frequently split instead of 

 being sawn. Those for ceilings may be sold even when 1 foot 

 or 2 feet long. 



(b) Pieces in which the Breadth is much Greater than the 

 Thickness, 

 i. Planks arc cut right through the stem, and arc usually 

 10 to 20 feet in length, and 10 to 18 inches by 2 to G inches 

 in section. (Fig. 31.) 

 Fig. 31. 



[In tlie case of oukwood such planks take 



at least one year for every inch of thickness 

 for seasoning, and they are kept in stock by 

 timbcr-mcrchaiits and used for all kinds of 

 I)iirposcs, frequently after being further rc- 



duce(} in size. Ivailway-slecpcrs arc coni])risc(l under tliis class, 



tlieir dimensions will be given further on. — Th.] 



ii. Boards and deals, under 2 inches in thickness, usually 

 varying from }, inch to I4 inches, and of various lengths, but 

 generally from 10 to 20 feet long, and 5^ inches to 1 foot broad, 

 the usual breadth being 8 inches to 1 foot. 'J'hey are used for 

 floors, door-panels, cabinet-making, cl'c 



