SHIP- AND BOAT-BUILDING. 125 



As regards the demands for wood for tlie interior of factories 

 the following short remarks will be made ; — 



All wheels are made of iron, but hornbeam and dog-wood are 

 still sometimes used for cogs. In sawmills, the supports of the 

 saw and the bed are chiefly made of coniferous wood, the rollers of 

 the latter are of wood of hornbeam, elm or oak. In flour-mills, 

 except the wheels, most of the fittings, such as the hoppers and 

 meal -bins are made of coniferous wood. The case in which the 

 mill-stoues work should be of Scotch pinewood, as free from resin 

 as possible, or of silver-fir wood. All parts of the mill where fric- 

 tion is exerted should be of beech or hornbeam. In oil-mills and 

 stamping- works, hard broad-leaved wood, such as that of beech, 

 hornbeam, oak and ash, is required rather than coniferous wood, 

 and also for pounding troughs in oil, tan, powder and bone-mills. 



Stamping-hammers are now usually made of iron, but in moun- 

 tainous forest districts, many are still of wood bound with iron, 

 and large quantities of beech, birch or hornbeam logs are used for 

 them, in round pieces 8 to 10 inches in diameter and G-8 feet long. 

 These pieces often require replacing 6 to 8 times in a year. They 

 come constantly in contact with the glowing mass of iron below 

 them, on which water is poured, which causes them to crack in 

 all directions and wear out rapidly. 



The anvil-stock below the hammers is made of au oak log at 

 least 3 feet in diameter and 6 feet long, which is bound with iron 

 and let firmly into the ground. 



Wood is largely used in all factories for frame-work, work- 

 tables, floors, &c., and after coniferous wood, beech wood in thick 

 planks and scantling is chiefly employed. 



Section VI. — Ship- and Boat-Building. 

 1. General Account. 



In no industry has wood of recent years been more largely 

 replaced by iron than in shipbuilding. It is chiefly the larger 

 men-of-war, steamers, and sailing ships which are built of iron. 

 Iron ships are most resisting to storms, of larger burden, easier 

 to repair and more durable than wooden ships. 



As regards the shape, there is a considerable difference 



