132 INDUSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



First-class masts must measure, free from sapwood, at least 

 60 to 80 feet in length and be IG to 20 inches in diameter at the 

 small end, and such masts were formerly procurable in Haupts- 



FiG. 39. 



Transverse section of a ship. (.Vfter Boppe.) 



moor, near Bamberg. Smaller spars are also required which ar. 

 of dimensions within the powers of most forests to supply. 



5. Snppln of Timber for ShiphmliUtiri. 



The supply of oak-timber from German forests is only smalL 

 but they would be in a better position to yield masts and spars, 

 if the Scotch pine forests of North Germany were specially 

 managed to produce timber of large dimensions. 



The system of coppice-with-standards is better adapted for the 

 supply of oak timber for shipbuilding than the even-aged systems, 

 and thus France, where this system is very prevalent, produces 

 large quantities of suitable oakwood. Most of the timbers used 

 in shipbuilding are compass-timbers, which are much more 



