joiner's work. ]33 



abundant in uneven-aged wood, and even in hedgerow trees, 

 than in even-aged high-forest. The wood of standards in coppice 

 is also harder, and of better quality for the purpose, growing as 

 they do, isolated or in groups, with plenty of room both for their 

 roots and crowns. 



As regards mastwood the opposite conditions prevail, slow, 

 uniform, and prolonged growth is required, and the trees must 

 be grown close until they have nearly attained their full height, 

 in a uniformly moist soil, a situation sheltered from storms, 

 and a cold climate. Only individual trees in such woods will 

 attain sufficient dimensions for the largest masts, and on them 

 .jrreat care and attention must be bestowed. 



Section VII. — Joiner's and Cabinet-maker's Work. 



Joiners and cabinet-makers use large quantities of wood, 

 which is usually the only material they employ. These industries 

 have become highly specialised, and there are all grades of 

 artisans employed — the joiner, the cabinet-maker, the wood- 

 carver, model-maker, and tool-maker. 



1. Joiner's Work. 



The joiner constructs the inner fittings and finishing of houses, 

 such as the floors, doors, window-cases, wainscoting, staircases, &c. 

 The material he uses is chiefly sawn timber, planks, boards and 

 scantling. He does not usually work with roughly sawn 

 material, but with planed scantlings, &c., which are sold by the 

 wood-merchants ready for use, and are often already cut into the 

 requisite mouldings. Thus much labour is spared which would 

 cost more if executed by a joiner than when made by special 

 machinery. Hardly any wood in the round, or roughly sawn 

 wood, is used by the joiner. 



The wood used is chiefly coniferous, and broad-leaved wood to 

 a less degree. Boards, planks, and upright pieces are chiefly of 

 spruce, and after this, of silver-fir, pines or larch. Owing to its 

 white colour spruce is preferred for flooring. Silver-fir turns 

 grey and splinters more readily than spruce. Pines and larch are 

 darker coloured but more durable than spruce. For wainscoting, 



