MO INDrSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



■without wavpiug. Where felloes are sawn out of orJiuary 

 planks 3 to G iuclies thick, they are much weaker than those 

 made as above. 



A bent rim is sometimes used for the wheels of light carriages, 

 being made of one piece of steamed split-wood ; larch, ash, oak, 

 beech, birch, or hickory are employed. 



Spokes are made of cloven oak- and ash-wood, also of robinia, 

 American oakwood or hickory. Wood thoroughly tough and 

 strong, and ]iot likely to shrink much in dry, hot weather, should 

 be used. 



[Spokes vary greatly in size, the smallest being 2-2i feet long 

 X 2 to 2i inches x 1 to H inches and tapering down to about h inch 

 at the smaller end ; these are used for omni])Uses and coaches. Cait- 

 wheel spokes are heavier, but of about the same length. Large spokes 

 5 inches x 3 inches at the thicker end are freciuently made. — Tr.] 



The principal piece of the body of a timber-cart is the pole, 

 which is made of oak, birch, or ash. The axles of the wheels 

 are usually made of steel, or of strong oak or ash-wood, with 

 steel ends on which the wheels revolve. Carriage-pole? are 

 preferred of birch, but are also made of ash and oak ; and for 

 shafts, ash is preferred to oak, the latter, when strong, being 

 usually too heavy, whilst ash bends and yields better without 

 breaking. The best shafts are of hickory or lancewood {rich: 

 p. 174). The size for shafts is 8 to 10 leet by "iJ, to 4 inches 

 square. 



The framework of carts and carriages must be made of well- 

 seasoned wood, beech, ash and oak being used, the panels of 

 carriages being of lime or po])lar. 



Ploughs and harrows are made of heavy wood wherever iron 

 is not used in their construction, and crooked pieces of oak, ash 

 and elm-wood are used. Teeth of harrows are made of horn- 

 beam-wood if not of iron. 



For sledges, oak, birch, elm, ash and beech are generally 

 used, and their horns are made of the best beech, maple, or 

 birch-wood. Wheelbarrows also require curved wood. 



Ladders consist of two uprights and the rungs, the former 

 made of coniferous Avood, generally of a pole sawn in two, and 

 the latter of cloven wood of oak, ash or robinia. Mangers have a 

 similar construction to ladders, and are made of beech, birch or oak. 



