WOODCUTTERS' IMPLEMENTS. 



197 



wards. The Carpathian axe (fig. 54) is broader than those 

 ah-eady described. The axe used in the Bavarian Alps (fig. 55) 

 is a hght axe with a rounded back ; the Black Forest axe (fig. 56) 

 resembles it, but is shorter, broader, and heavier, and owing to 

 the large timber common in the Black Forest, the handle is 

 generally one meter (39 inches) long. 



The lopping-axe used in the Bavarian Alps (fig. 57) is similar 

 to the felling-axe, but is stouter and flat in the back, and heavier. 



In the same region the double-axe (fig. 58) is used, which has 



Fig. 61. Fig. 62. 



a smaller head for small wood; it only weighs 1*40 kilograms, 

 (3 pounds). The Thuringian axe (fig. 59) somewhat resembles 

 the Saxon axe. The characteristic shape of the Norwegian axe 

 may be seen from fig. GO ; it is considered a very workmanlike 

 instrument. 



The main diff'erence between the American axe and the 

 various European axes consists in the devices for preventing its 

 jamming and sticking in the cut. The faces of an axe are either 

 provided along their middle line with a prominent ridge, or as 

 in the Pennsylvanian axe (fig. 50), are strongly curved outwards. 

 The blade of the latter is formed of compressed steel, hardly 

 wears at all, and works well. By general consent this axe is con- 

 sidered to save labour and tire the men less than many German 



