212 



FELLING AND CONVERSION. 



giaii cleaviiig-nxe, and is very heavy. The Boliemian clcaviug- 

 axe (fig. 105) has the stoutest shape of all these axes, and may 

 be used for splitting firewood into the smallest pieces used for 

 stores. The Vienna cleaving-axe (fig. 10(5), weighs up to 9 lbs. 



Fig. 102. Fig. 103. Fio. 104. 



Fig. 107 represents an axe used in certain districts in Silesia, 

 and is a good implement. 



The divider (fig. 41, p. 103) has been already described as a 

 tool used for splitting staves. Other tools used for splitting fire- 

 wood into small pieces are not woodcutters' implements. 



4. InqdeDicnts for Extractiini (ind Sj'litt'uici Stuntjis and 

 Hoots. 



Implements of a very simple nature are used in converting 

 the parts of a tree which are above ground ; those used for 

 extracting and converting the stumps and roots are much more 

 multifarious. 



(a) Simple Grubbing Implements. — The simplest tools used for 

 grubbing-out roots arc the mattock, the pick, the pick-axe and 

 the grubbing-axe. Short saws, wedges, crowbars are also used for 

 severing, removing or splitting the stumps and roots of a tree. 



The mattock (fig. 108) is about one foot long and 2 to 2| 

 inches broad, it is made of good steel and strongly fixed to its 

 handle and is used for digging into the ground and severing 

 small roots. The pick (fig. 110), which is sharply pointed, is 

 used as well as the mattock for this purpose on stony ground, 

 and both tools may be combined in the form of the common 

 pick-axe (fig. 109). 



