-30 FEl.UNQ AND CONVEKSIOX. 



always easier to separate the stump from the stem, after the tree 

 has been felled, than while it is standing. According to expei'i- 

 meuts carried out hy R. Hess, there is a gain in time and labour 

 of 20 per cent, in uprooting trees instead of felling them and then 

 extracting their stumps. 



The advantages thus described of uprooting the trees arc 

 sjfficient to entirely counterbalance the alleged disadvantages of 

 the method. It is stated, for instance, that the tree cannot thus 

 be thrown with certainty in any desired direction, but by using 

 a thrust-pole, or a rope, and carefully severing any resist- 

 ing roots while the tree is falling, it can be thrown quite 

 accurately. Another objection is made, that the falling stem 

 frequently tears-up a large mass of earth with the roots, a state- 

 ment often made erroneously and in any case not sufficiently 

 o!)jectionable for the uprooting of trees to be abandoned. A 

 larger hole is often made by grubbing-out the stump than by 

 uprooting the tree. It is also alleged that uprooting trees 

 seriously delays the felling operations. The sub-aerial part of a 

 tree is clearly utilized more quickly by the use of axe and saw 

 than by uprooting the tree, but if the subterranean part is 

 required as well, there can be no advantage in setting to work on 

 the felling-area a year after the trees have been felled in order to 

 extract the stumps. 



Whilst, however, it is in general preferable to uproot the 

 trees, cases occur where grubbing-out the stumps is necessary or 

 permissible ; as for instance where felling is urgent but the 

 ground is frozen, and in forest clearances, where there is no 

 urgency for extracting the stumps. It is always pre-supposed 

 that extracting stum]is is done by the aid of implements, for 

 when this is done by mere manual labour, it is the most tire- 

 some and dilatory mode of utilizing the roots of trees. 



[Wherever a clearance is to be effected for a forest-road, or ride, or 

 for tlie site of a nursery or forest-house, i^-c, it is always better once 

 for all to uproot tlie trees standing on the area. — Tr.] 



8. FclUini Ihilcs. 



Partly as regards care for the forest growth, partly to increase 

 the quantity and value of the yield, and partly to economise 

 labour, the following rules should be observed by woodcutters. 



