250 FELLING AND CONVtKSION. 



construction of bridges and roads. In machinery they are 

 only slightly in demand lor rests, or sockets, anvil-stocks, 

 pounding-troughs, \'c. They are largely used as cloven-wood by 

 the stave-maker, cooper, wheelwright, turner, shingle-maker, 

 itc, also for wood used for musical instruments, gunstocks, &c. 

 Butts are, however, chietly used for sawn timber, and the bases 

 of coniferous stems to form butts for sawmills in lengths of 

 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 feet, those from 12 to IG feet 

 long (3i to 5 meters) being preferred. 



Wood of oak, beech, poplar, alder for cigar-boxes, and other 

 kinds, are also cut into butts of similar dimensions for sawing. 



iii. Voles. 



Poles are young stems, generally the produce of thinnings 

 or coppice-fellings, and usually measure less than 7 inches 

 (18 centimeters) in mid-diameter, being always measured 

 unbarked. They are usually sold at their full length for pit- 

 props, shafts, ladders, hop-poles, tree-props, bean-sticks, &c. 

 They may also be split into crate- or hurdle-wood, but are very 

 rarely sawn into scantling. 



iv. Stacked Timber. 



This is in the form of round or split pieces, which are piled 

 like cordwood and sub-divided into 2 classes — 



Pieces over 6 inches (15 centimeters) in mid-diameter. 

 Pieces 2f (6 centimeters) to 6 inches in mid-diameter. 



Stacked timber is used by the wooden shoe maker, cooper, 

 wheelwright, turner, stave-maker, and in many places worked 

 into vine-props. Round pieces are now chiefly used for making 

 into paper-pulp. 



V. BriishictHxI. 



Wood less than 3 inches (7 centimeters) in diameter at the 

 thicker end is termed brushwood, and is generally piled between 

 stakes. It is partly branchwood, but chiefly the produce of 

 coppice, and is used for fascines, pea-sticks, brooms, fencing 

 material, &:c. In the case of osiers it is used for basket-work. 



