:/S 



FELLING AND CUNVEKSION. 



be fastened to the logs by gi-appling-irons (fig. 139), or by means 

 of the shp (figs. 140, 141), or the short sledge (fig. 163). 



Before a log can be dragged or slid it must generally be 

 turned over, or rolled into the dragging-track ; for this the 

 hook-lever may be used as shown in tig. 135. To bring a log 

 parallel to the dragging-track, it generally suffices to place a 



Fig. 135. 





roller under its centre of gravity, when it can easily be turned 

 in any required direction. 



If a log is to be slid down by men, which can evidently only 

 be done if the ground is sufficiently steep, it is brought into the 

 sliding-track with its butt-end downwards, and then guided 

 with the krempe at its butt, as it is forced to slide downhill by 

 levers. The workmen who accompany it downhill release the 

 log should it stick against any obstacle, and bring it down 

 to the nearest export-road, or to level ground. 



AVhen beasts are used to drag the logs, such as horses, bullocks, 

 [in India, buft'aloes and elephants. — Tii.J the ground must bo 

 level or only slightly inclined. The log is then held firmly, as 

 in the Alps, by the grappling-iron, or a hole is cut in the butt 

 of the log to which the dragging-chain is fastened. If the 

 ground is covered with snow, the logs are simply dragged along 

 over it, or are fastened to the front wheels of a timber-cart, or 

 to a sledge. In any case much labour is saved by slightly 



