302 FKI.LINC AND CONVERSION. 



Eu<,^lan(l. Indin Jiucl X. America by the cubic foot. "\\'itliout 

 complicatiug the procedure by considering' loi^s as truncated 

 paraboloids, the simple method is always adopted of multiplying 

 the sectional area at the middle of the log by its length. The 

 cubic contents alone, however, are no exact indication of its 

 value, its length and thickness and the diameter of its smaller 

 end must be also given. 



It is customary on the continent of Europe to measure the 

 length of logs in meters, and even decimeters ^m. 0"*2, 0*4, 0*6, 

 &c.) ; the diameter in centimeters, and the cubit- contents in 

 cubic meters to two decimal places. 



[In English measure, the length of logs is given in feet ; the 

 diameter, or quarter girth, in inches and the volume in cubic feet 

 without fractions. Logs of valuable wood like nialiogany are how- 

 ever sold by the superficial feet. — Th.] 



Whether timber should be measured with or without bark 

 depends on local custom. In the case of winter-fellings, the 

 bark is included, and wherever summer-felled or other peeled 

 wood is measured, 1*2 to 15 per cent, is added to the cubic con- 

 tents to allow for the al)sent bark. This is done because the 

 yield of the forests in the working-plan is estimated with the 

 bark on the trees, but the German timber-trade is most anxious 

 that bark should not be included, and this method Gayer strongly 

 recommends for adoption everywhere in the interests of uni- 

 formity. 



A universal system of measuring timber without bark presup- 

 poses that the bark of logs is removed at the measuring point, 

 and that no addition is made for peeled wood. In the case of 

 coniferous logs, the difference in diameter between barked and 

 unbarked trees is f inch on the average, somewhat more in 

 the case of pines, and for logs under 10 inches in diameter, less 

 than I inch. 



In the case of rough, barked broad-leaved trees, such as oalc 

 and ash, the bark is 12-15 per cent, of the total volume ; in the 

 elm, up to 18 per cent, and more ; the birch 11 per cent,, the 

 Scotch pine, 11 to 15 per cent., spruce logs and blocks 12 to 

 13 per cent. ; silver-fir ditto 17 per cent, and more. It should be 

 noted that on good soil with a dense growth, the bark is least. 



