310 LANb-THANSl'OIM'. 



roads it is absolutely necessary to proceed according to a well- 

 considered plan, forming a network of roads tlirougliout a forest 

 range or a separate forest. 



The planning of this road-network should contemplate not 

 only present demands but also those of the future, and thus 

 consider parts of the forest which will be worked at some future 

 time. 



The road-network should therefore be projected and planned 

 for the Avhole forest, though it may be necessary at present only 

 to construct certain parts of it. The other parts of the network 

 will be constructed, seriatim, as the working of the forest 

 proceeds, and by the end of a forest rotation, the whole projected 

 network will thus be completed. It is, however, indispensable 

 to take in hand the roads for certain forest compartments several 

 years before the regular course of fellings reaches them, so that 

 they may be ready in time. It is especially necessary in 

 mountain-forests, where road-making is most difficult and 

 expensive, that the plan for the network of roads should be 

 thoroughly well devised. In the case of forests in plains, it may 

 be permissible to construct temporary roads, which are allowed 

 to fall into disrepair when all the material for which they were 

 constructed has been transported. This is not sufficient for 

 mountain-forests, where all roads made should be kept in 

 constant repair. 



The main roads should rnn through the heart of the forests, 

 and be so directed that they lead to other public roads in 

 direct communication with timber-markets, or to railroads or 

 streams serving for water-transport. The forest-roads are 

 often themselves public roadways. Subsidiary roads branch-off 

 from the main roads into the forest, and serve as means of 

 transport from all parts of it. In tracing subsidiary roads, the 

 forester must always keep in view the fact that each of them 

 should serve several compartments of the forest, and, should 

 therefore cut right through the felling-areas or adjoin them, or 

 be connected with them by smaller bifurcations. 



The principal forest-road usually follows a valley leading 

 towards the timber-market ; it either reaches this valley within 

 the limits of the forest, or keeping more to the high and less 

 bi'oken ground descends to it outside the forest. The 



