82£ LAND-TKANSPOKT. 



necessary chains. If tlie wheels are high enough, the log is 

 sometimes hung under both axles, which saves the frequently 

 laborious process of lading the timber ; and if, in such cases, in 

 descending steep slopes, one end of the logs drags along the 

 ground, it then acts as a break. 



ii. SUuhjitKj iritli Beasts. 



Horses are generally emploj-ed in timber transport, although 

 bullocks are very serviceable, and replace them in certain dis- 

 tricts on the Continent. 



After a fall of snow, the sledge (fig. 164), when laden with fire- 

 wood, may be conveniently dragged by a horse or bullock ; it is 

 larger than the ordinary sledge, and has short horns and two 

 shafts. For the transport of butts, the short sledge (fig. 163) 

 is used, and in this case the butt-ends of the logs are fastened 

 to the sledge by chains and nails, whilst their smaller ends rest 

 on the ground. The break consists either of a bundle of fire- 

 wood attached to a short chain, or an ordinary break, as shown 

 in fig. 163 or 165, on which the driver stands. 



Sledging by the help of horses is extensively followed in the 

 Bavarian Alps. 



iii. ])nuj(ii)ui hi/ In'dsts. 



Dragging logs by beasts is often impracticable on ordinary 

 roads, on account of the great damage which would ensue. 



iv. Use of PaeL-CdttJe. 



In Germany the use of pack-cattle, mules, oi- ponies for the 

 transport of firewood or charcoal-wood, is limited to the Alps, 

 where the wood which has been collected lies scattered over a 

 large area. A horse carries only 4 cwt., while it can drag 14 to 

 18 cwt. At the same time, pack-animals require only bridle- 

 paths, which can be much more easily and cheaply constructed 

 and kept in repair than cart-roads. 



[In tlie Himalayas the transport of firewood is extensively carried 

 on by means of pack-mules and ponies, in billets 2 feet long, and the 

 cost of conveyance is 1 rupee G annas per 100 stacked cubic feet per 

 mile for oakwood, and 1 i-upee 2 iuuias for fir. — Th.] 



