340 lani)-ti:anspokt. 



verse pieces under the loj^s which are slidinfr-dowu, or remove 

 some of these pieces, accordinf^ to the rate at which the logs 

 descend. They shoukl also repair the roadwa}-, where any 

 damage has been done, signal to the men above and below them, 

 and generally expedite the work. On such slides only one log 

 descends at a time, and as soon as it has arrived at the bottom 

 of the slide a signal is given to launch a fresh log, which three 

 or four men effect at the top of the slide with knnnpcs. 



Road-slides with gradients of 8 — 12 % can be used only in 

 winter. With a gradient of 12 — 18 % they may, however, be 

 used in summer, and the logs always descend butt-end tirst, 

 the ends of the logs being rounded for the purpose. 



Section IV. — Fokest-Tkamways.* 



It is only during the last twenty years tliat iron tniniways 

 have been used in forests. At first, forest tramways were chielly 

 constructed of wood, of which those by Leo Presti, von Lippert 

 and improved kinds in Austria-PIungniy by Egetz, are the 

 best-known. 



Decauville's portable railways, which were used in France 

 for agricultural purposes, have proved thoroughly adapted for 

 timber-transport, and have found many imitators in Germany. 

 Although there may be differences of detail in the various kinds 

 of tramway in actual use, yet the chief points to be secured are 

 easy transportability of the ]»l:int combined with strength and 

 solidity of construction. 



1. Kinds of' Traiiucdijs K-scd. 



If forest-tramways are to be thoroughly useful for timber- 

 transport, they should start from the ordinary country lines of 

 communication, and penetrate along the main and subsidiary 

 forest roads into the interior of the forest as far as the felling- 

 areas, and even up to the individual felled trees. 



It follows that some of the lines should be permanently con- 

 structed, that a second portion should be more or less portable, 



* Ruiiiiebaiiiii, Die WiiUleiseiibalniun, Berlin, 1886. 



Indiiin Forester, Vol. XII., 1886, p. 244, for an account of a forest-tramway 

 used at Kottenfor.st, near Donii, by .Sir 1). Braiidi.s, K.C.I. M, and Colonel 

 Bailey, R.E. 



