348 LAND-TKANSPORT. 



separated into two parts for convenience of transport, and fi^^. 101 

 an improved timber-loader, as constructed by Haarmann at the 

 Osuabriick steel works. [Tbis is said by Brandis to be tbe 

 safest metbod for tbe workmen. — Tr.] Finally, tig. 190 sbows 

 an improved windlass, wliicb is very effective, tbe metbod of 

 loading by means of it being sbown in fig. 192. 



By means of tbese different loading apparatus tbe log is 

 raised bigb enougb for tbe rails to be laid under it, and tbe 

 trucks pusbed on to tbem, wben tbe log is lowered and fastened 

 by cbains on to tbe trucks. Heavy logs must be laden by 

 means of apparatus, and only smaller ones by tbe use of levers. 

 In tbe case of firewood tbere is no difficulty in loading tbe trucks. 



How useful it is to bave recourse to macbinery, in case 

 of extraordinary demands on labour, was seen in 1891 and 

 189*2, in Brannenburg in Upper Bavaria, wben tbousands of 

 large logs from trees killed by tbe " Nun " motb caterpillars in 

 tbe Ebersberg Forest, were laden on to trucks by a steam -crane 

 as sbown in fig. 193. 



[The cost of 6 miles of tramway (4 main lines and 1]- miles 

 branches) at Kottcnforst. rolling-stock, luadiug apparatus, and laying- 

 down 4 miles of main line, in which £40 was spent on earth-work, 

 was £252 ])er mile and it is estimated to last for 15 years. — Tk.] 



3. Mode of TrnnHj)()rt. 



A distinction may be made in forest tramways according to 

 tbe means used to work tbeni, merely utilizing a down-incline of 

 tbe line of road, dragging tbe trucks by means of horses or men, 

 ox finally by locomotives. 



Where tbe incline of the roadway is used, tbere must be a 

 fall in it of about 3 to 4 '/,.,, and tbe trucks must be provided 

 with suitable breaks. Tbe empty trucks are dragged back by 

 horses and less frequently by men. Tbis metbod is employed 

 for short distances wherever the ground is suitable, and is 

 represented in fig. 194. 



Horses are used on nearly all branch-lines which are con- 

 structed in level land, even wben of quite a temporary nature. 

 The horses do not pass between the rails, but alongside of tbem 



