412 



WATE K-TR A NS PO RT. 



The withes are from 1 to 6 centimeters (J — 2 inches) thick, 

 and their preparation and sale in many districts form a special 

 trade. On the Vistula, ropes made of lime-hast are used for 

 tying the logs. 



The number of logs which are hound-togothcr into a raft- 

 section depends on the breadth of the rafting-channel, and in 

 certain cases on the width of the openings in the weirs. Usually 

 the thicker ends of the logs are placed at one end of the section 

 and their thinner ends at the other. In fastening the withes 

 care must be taken to give the logs sufficient play, so that at any 

 rate each log may be able to move slightly in a vertical direc- 

 tion. This is absolutely necessary for watercourses with 

 numerous little rapids and with inequalities in the bed of their 

 channel, as each section is then better able to accommodate 

 itself to the uneven surface. 



On channels Avith an even flow, and on the larger streams and 

 rivers, the logs are fastened together as follows, with rigid rafl- 

 sections. 



ii. Iidft-Scctions fanteiiid icitli J^olcs. 



This second mode of making up raft-sections is shown in 

 fig. 242; it is much more conmion than the former method, and 

 is in use on nearly all steadily flowing rivers, the Spree, Saale, 



Kic. •242. 



Oder, Kibe, Main, llhine, iS:c. The logs are landed and bored 

 through at (a h) and {d c) (fig. 243) ; they are then returned to 

 the water and fastened to a pole (m ii), as in fig. 242. Beech 

 poles are generally used, but also spruce and silver-fir poles. 

 The poles being placed over the ends of the logs which are to be 



