416 watei;-ti;ansi'()I;t. 



are sli<:htl_v Imuud together. The raft-section (fig. 218) being 

 thus made-up. a pole {a b) is fastened to it by the wedges 

 {in III in). In the method of making-up rafts of boards, as shown 

 in tig. '24!>, the bundles of boards are fastened one below the 

 other, poles being used for the purpose, as in fig. 248. This 

 method of rafting requires deeper water than the preceding 

 ones. 



(c) Method of making-up Rafts. — Several raft-sections are 

 fastened together to make a raft. This is done either by attach- 

 ing the ends of the sections together by withes, leaving them 

 sufficient play — an important point in long rafts and in floating 

 channels with sharp bends ; or the sections are bound firmly 

 together with withes, as is the practice on the river Kin/ig, so as 



make a rigid raft. The spruce poles, as shown in fig. 24G, are 

 also used for fastening the sections together. 



In binding the sections into rafts, the lightest ones are placed 

 in front at the head of the raft, and the heavier ones behind in 

 the tail. The more attention must be paid to this rule, the more 

 rapid the stream of the rafting-channel, for the light sections 

 float more freely than the heavy ones, and were the latter placed 

 at the head of the raft, they would be pressed upon by the lighter 

 ones, and the latter would even press the heavy ones down 

 and mount on to them rendering the management of the raft 

 impossible. 



It is a rule that each section should bo formed of stems equally 

 long and thick ; if the sections arc small, containing 5 to 8 logs, 

 the bases of the logs are all put together at one end of the section, 

 and their tops at the other. Where the sections arc larger, and 

 the logs markedly uncylindrical, the butt-ends and tops of the 

 logs are placed alternately side by side, in order to give the 

 raft section a uniform breadth throughout. Such raft-sections 

 are more easily united in a raft. 



8. ] iiinensioiis oj' Ilaj'tH. 



A distinction is made between rafts only one section broad, 

 the sections being placed one behind the other, and large rafts 

 formed both in breadth and length of many sections. The former 

 class of rafts is in use in the upper and middle courses of rivers 



