BY ROYALTY. 451 



Hiingavv (Moravia, Bohemia, Szc), Switzerland, Sec. The price 

 is then fixed by formal written agreement. Some of the older 

 concessions are not yet abolished, in spite of repeated endeavours 

 on the part of the German Forest Departments and private forest 

 owners. 



iv. General liemarls. 



The chief point to be observed in all sales of standing trees is 

 to decide the requisite sylvicultural and protective conditions 

 and to word them clearly ; a thoroughly detailed description of 

 the material to be sold should also be given. In France, lists 

 of trees to be sold standing are published in pamphlet-form 

 giving all the sale-lots on the felling-areas of a single forest 

 range {inspeetion) for a whole year. 



[In these French lists, besides the number and species of trees 

 in eacli lot and their cubic contents in timber and firewood, a list is 

 given (cjilder des charges) of all the protective works to be done at 

 the expense of the purchaser, such as pruning, plauting-up blanks, 

 repairs to roads, ifec, together with estimates of their cost. Strict 

 general sylvicultural and protective rules for the conduct of the 

 fellings are also printed in each pamphlet. — Tr.] 



In Austria, also, much acuteness has been shown in devising 

 the conditions of sale of standing trees. 



2. ]'(irinufi kinds of Sale. 

 Three kinds of sale of forest produce are in use, which 

 depend on different methods of fixing its price ; namely, sale by 

 royalty, sale to the highest bidder and sale by private contract. 



(a) Sale by Royalty. 

 Whenever wood of any assortment is sold at rates fixed by the 

 forest owner, the mode of sale is termed sale by royalty, or sale 

 at fixed rates or tariff-prices. The characteristic of this mode 

 of sale is that the price is fixed by the seller, the forest owner 

 providing for the distribution of his forest produce among its 

 consumers. 



i. Mode of fixing the Royalty. 

 By the term royalty is meant the present local value, in a 

 foi'cst district, of any wood-assortment, as it is determined by 



G G 2 



