188G 



GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE. 



109 



no liarm ; and for our ft-reenhouses "w degrees 

 would 1)6 very desirable, if we could get it 

 without artilieial heat. 



THE TEMPERATURE OF MOTHER 

 EARTH. 



rXlFOItM AT A CERTAIN r.El'TH. 



fKIEXD Allen sends us something which 

 is right to the point we were discuss- 

 ing. It is taken from Ganot's Physics, 

 of 1S79. and it reads as follows: 



" Tene .trial Heat.— Ouv i^\ohe possesses a 

 heat pcciiliiir to it, wliicli is called the terrestrial 

 lieat. The variations of temperature which occur 

 at the surface gradually penetrate to a certain 

 depth, at whicli their influence hecomes too slight 

 to be sensible. It is hence concluded that the solar 

 heat does not penetrate below a certain internal 

 layer, which is called the layer of constant tempera- 

 ture: its depth below the earth's external surface 

 \'aries, of course, in different parts of the globe; at 

 Paris it is about ;!0 yards, and the temperature is 

 constant at \\.h° C." 



Now, 11. s^ Ccntig'rade, if my reduction is correct, 

 is the equivalent of 53.54° Fahrenheit. 



I presume, however, that proximity to hidden 

 veins of sub-earth water-ways, and possible volcan- 

 ic localities, may raise the normal temperature of 

 many tracts of country beneath the ground. 

 Nearness to water, rather than to fire of our burn- 

 ing earth, methinks, most generally modifies the 

 cellars of our friends. Fk.\nk At^len. 



PhilipsburgEast, P. Q., Can., .Ian. S, 1^;«6. 



Here is another: 



52° THK TEMPEHATURE OK THE WATER FROM A 

 SIDE-HI Lli. 



Vou ask for information in regard to the temper- 

 ature of the earth at considerable depth from the 

 surface, (^n the 25lh of Dec , 1885, 1 tested the wa- 

 ter from a spring gushing- out from under a hill 

 some 200 ft. in height, and found the temperature 

 to be .50'i° by one thermometer, and 534° by anoth- 

 er. Probably 52 is about the exact temperature 

 for this vicinity. Lttiier Purdv. 



Killbuck, Ohio. 



You notice from these, that the earth does 

 really have a temperature peculiar to itself, 

 but that the depth at which this is reached 

 varies in ditierent localities. You observe, 

 as a further proof, that at Paris, 53.24 deg. 

 V. tallies closely with that of Mammoth 

 cave, whicli is 55 deg., with my experiments 

 ( »7 feet below the surface at our factory), 

 which sliowed 5(j deg., and with friend Pur- 

 dy's side-hill experiments, which showed 52 

 deg. It seems to me, then, we do not jump 

 at conclusions when we infer from these 

 facts that the earth has a temperature of 

 its own. Ekxkst. 



Ernest: — I took my A. I. Root thermometer, 

 tied a string to it, and let it down into my spring. 

 After holding it there some time it registered 46°. 

 The temperature of the air was 31°. The spring is 

 three feet deep, the water coming in from the bot- 

 tom. 1 wish you and'the "queen" that had spunk 

 enough to swarm out in December much joy, and a 

 long, happy, and useful life. ('. K. 9cHMEi/rzER. 



Scholls Ferry, Oregon. 



Your experiments differ from those just 

 preceding, because you did not go deep 

 enough. Had you gone, say 100 ft. or more, 

 you would prol»alily have sti'uck the /.one of 



'• terrestrial heat," whicli is 53 deg. Thanks 

 for your kind wishes, and I wish the same 

 joy io you; i. r., if you have a "queen." 



Ernest. 



Noticing the report of H. R. Boardraan and T. H. 

 Kloer on temperature of wells, to-day I tested our 

 well, situated in South Florida, Polk Co., 25 ft. deep. 

 The temi^erature outside was 39°. 1 drew a bucket 

 of water, immersed the thermometer, and in three 

 minutes removed it and found it just 70°. If 1 am 

 hei-e in the summer, I will make the experiment 

 then and find if theue is any change. 



Lakeland, Fla., Jan. 11, 1886. J. D. Coles. 



In your southern clime you would have to 

 go probably much more than 100 ft. to arrive 

 at the zone of '•terrestrial heat." Your 

 experiments show that the ground near the 

 surface is much Avarmer than it is here 

 north. Erxest. 



A PL.ANER SAW, AND HOW MADE. 



REVERSIBLE FRAMES, ETC. 



§OME time ago I saw a number of articles on 

 saws cutting smooth. The rip-saw 1 use for 

 sawing sections is 16 inches in diameter; but 

 the diameter would make no difference. As 

 the Simond's saw-works are located in St. 

 Catherine's, 8 miles from here, I probably am some- 

 what favored. A year ago I went to the works and 

 asked the foreman if they could concave a saw for 

 mc. They replied yes. I gu\e them my order. The 

 center, or eye, is about one-half as thick as the 

 teeth. I think one less concaved would do as well. 

 It is not quite so rigid on th« mandrel as it 

 would be were it not concaved. T can saw smoother 

 than it can be planed. The teeth are about '/» inch 

 apart, but I think ■'^ would do as well, and cut fast- 

 er. One tooth is filed square across back and throat, 

 then the two following are filed right and left on 

 the back; but the throats are all filed square across, 

 or at right angles with the saw. This is done to 

 prevent the teeth from springing outward while at 

 work. 



REVERSIBLE FRAMES. 



1 ha\e never used any yet. Why? Because I never 

 thought they would pay any percentage on the cap- 

 ital and time invested. 1 should prefer using less 

 frames in the brood-nest with dummies, and, rather 

 than handle the frames so much, even if I did get a 

 slight increase of honey, I should prefer keeping a 

 few more colonics, even if all the honey were 

 stored in sections. I do not want any more feeding, 

 unless I wish increase. Two seagons since, I began 

 bee-keeping. I have fed for increase absolutely. 

 I think if a location will not produce a paying sur- 

 plus without feeding winter stores, pack your grip 

 and look up a better. Time is worth too much to 

 waste. 



8 OR 10 FRAMES, WHICH? 



For some time back I have been reading the 

 communications In regard to hives containing 

 eight or ten frames. My opinion is this: That it 

 does not make much difference; but I should prefer 

 a ten-frame hive. When a swarm issues from aten- 

 frame hive, is it not larger in proportion than an 

 eight-frame swarm? It appears to me that I can • 

 see considerable in favor of the ten-frame hive, 

 there being just one fifth more bees to work in the 

 sections. Will Ellis. 



St. Daviils, Out., Can. 



