132 MODERN HORSEMANSHIP. 



(or volte) ; and half of such a turn is a half-ivheelin 

 travers (or demi-volte). 



If the horse moves in a circle upon two paths 

 — the croup on the outer circumference, the head 

 in towards the common centre — we have the wheel 

 reversed (or volte in renvers). 



To teach the horse to make the low pirouette , it 

 should be placed alongside of the wall ; if to turn to 

 the right, with its left side next to the wall. The 

 rider should then collect its forces, and give the head 

 a slight bend to the rioht. Then with the snaffle 

 reins he should slowly lead the forehand about the 

 croup, keeping the right leg of the horse upon the 

 ground as a turning pivot, and when it is necessary 

 to make the left hind-leg move up to keep its proper 

 place with reference to the rest of the body in the 

 movement, and to keep the croup in place, employing 

 a pressure of his left leg or heel. When the horse 

 has been brouofht with its rio-ht side next to the 

 wall, and a half-pirouette has been made, the rider 

 should reward the animal, and relax the aids. In 

 the course of a few such lessons the rider should 

 gradually introduce the use of the curb reins, by 

 first using the snaffle reins to simply inaugurate 

 the movement and finally dispensing with them. 

 When the curb reins are used alone, the direct curb 

 rein will Q^ive the bend of the head and inauofurate 



