Reviews. 49 



inches, with a clear length of 60 feet. The soil on which it is 

 found is sandy and most of it probably unfit for agriculture. 

 The output is about three-quarters of a billion feet a year, and at 

 the present rate of lumbering it is estimated that the supply will 

 last for twenty years. The development of this industry is of 

 interest, for southern yellow pine has become one of the chief 

 competitors of white pine in the north. Longleaf pine seeds 

 abundantly, but there is very little seedling growth, owing to the 

 regular and frequent fires. 



Farther to the west and on higher ground are found the 

 prairie country and mixed forest growth. A peculiarity noticed 

 here is the meeting of the northern and the southern species of 

 trees, the former being dwarfed and altered so as to be designated 

 under different specific names. In the mountain region Douglas 

 fir and western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) occur. 



The Basket Willoiv; Wm. F. Hubbard, U. S. Bureau of Forestry. 



Willow Culture in England was among the many forms of 

 industry which were temporarily or permanently stimulated by 

 Napoleon's embargo Act. Great Britain had imported her 

 osiers and baskets from Holland until her exclusion from the 

 Continent led to the formation of plantations at home. The 

 Society of Arts directed their attention to the subject, and gave 

 premiums for the establishment of willow plantations. The 

 willow is still considerably grown in England, where the principal 

 cultivator of late years was William Scaling, and such districts 

 as Nottingham and the fens of Cam! ridgeshire produce osiers 

 of the highest quality ; but the geners ! labor conditions and the 

 ease with which willow is imported from other countries have 

 prevented it from being widely cultivated or manufactured. 

 France, Italy, the islands of Sicily and Madeira, Belgium, Hol- 

 land, Germany, Austria, and Russia, are all large growers of 

 .villow, and have a good export trade of osier rods and basket 

 ware. In all these thickly populated countries, which abound 

 in cheap labor, willow growing and basket making have followed 

 the development of other manufactures to a very marked degree. 



Willows are adapted to a wide range of soils and climatic 

 conditions, and are therefore among the most widely distributed 

 of trees and shrubs. The genus Salix, to which these plants be- 

 long, contains a large number of species, ranging from large trees 

 to small low plants. From 160 to 170 species are known, in- 

 habiting all regions, from the low grounds and river banks of 

 temperate climates and warm countries to the arid Alpine slopes 

 of mountains and to the boreal regions of both hemispheres. 

 They occur in America from the Arctic Circle to the West Indies 

 and the mountains of Chile. In the Old World they range 



