1 1 2 Canadian Forestry Journal. 



beyond recovery. Viewed from the forester's standpoint, there is 

 here a portion of excellent forest land which has for twenty years 

 been wholly non-productive. The removal of the weed tree 

 which is the cause of the trouble will be immediately followed 

 by a vigorous natural reproduction by seeding from the neighbor- 

 ing trees. 



In Figure 5 we have a good example of what foresters call 

 "advance growth." The meadow on the right has been seeded 

 from the trees on the left. The first seed year was — on account 

 of grazing, unfavorable weather conditions, or other cause — 

 productive of but slight • result, a tree here and there being 

 all that survived. A second seed crop was more fortunate and 

 resulted in a splendid stand of young trees all over the meadow. 

 Under the circumstances the two older trees shown standing 

 together in the centre of the illustration are forest weeds. If 

 they remain they will, because of their advantage in height over 

 their near neighbors, grow to be broad-topped branchy trees, 

 producing a very inferior grade of lumber. If they are removed 

 at once the gap will be quickly closed by the growth of the younger 

 trees, which, being of fairly even height and standing closely 

 together, will grow tall and straight. The lower branches will, 

 because of the density of the shading, die before they become 

 large and finally drop off, thus improving the quality of the wood 

 produced. 



Figure 6 illustrates the condition of many Western Ontario 

 woodlots. For many years this woodlot was not grazed, and 

 contained a fine growth of young timber of a dozen species. 

 1 1 years ago it was opened for cattle grazing, and has been used 

 for this purpose to a greater or less extent every season since. 

 During the early years of the grazing it was noticed that there 

 was a great destruction of the young trees, but as there seemed 

 to be plenty remaining, it was thought that no great harm was 

 done. When this photo was taken, an examination was made of 

 about four acres, with the result that there were seen many 

 hundreds of hop hornbeam and blue beech (Ironwoods), some 

 six or seven elm, but not a single ash, oak, basswood, or maple, 

 although many large seed trees of these species were present. 

 The small trees shown in the figure are ironwoods exclusively. 

 The hop hornbeam and blue beech are so nearly worthless for 

 forest purposes that they are always regarded as weeds, the more 

 so in that they are prolific producers of seed and can thrive in a 

 comparatively dense shade, often occupying the ground almost 

 to the exclusion of better species. Live stock do not care for 

 their foliage, hence they are unduly favored where even hght 

 grazing is practised. 



Figure 7 gives a view along a line fence between woodlots in 

 Huron County, Ontario. The lot on the left has been heavily 



