50 



Canadian Fore>'tnj Journal, Mar. -Apr., 1912. 



eastern spruce. The maxiimun length 

 would be about G.7 nun. as against 5 mm. 

 iu the eastern species. The cellulose made 

 from this wood should be very desirable 

 for the manufacture of strong papers, 

 providing it is not weakened in the ]>ro- 

 cess of conversion. 



Western Hemlock, Tsmia Jieteroplijjlla. 

 This wood is found in British Columbia 

 and the Pacific States, growing along 

 with the other large trees of the country. 

 It is somewhat heavier, harder and darker 

 than the spruce, but it is superior in many 

 Avays to the Eastern Hemlock. This wood 

 can be satisfactorily ground, but owing 

 to the blackness occurring in some trees, 

 its average color would be a disadvantage. 

 It is non-resinous in character, however, 

 and Avell adapted for the manufacture of 

 sulphite fibre. 



White, or Balsam, Fir, Abies concolor. 

 This is used with the spruce for sulphite 

 and ground wood, but, like the eastern 

 woods, the balsam is the more resinous. 

 Its wood is soft, coarse-grained, and eom- 

 jiact. The summer bands are narrow and 

 the color is from light brown to white. 

 The gravity is 0.3638 and the ash 0.85 

 per cent. The fibre is almost as long as 

 the tideland spruce. 



Lowland, or white. Fir, Abies grcnidis. 

 This is a large tree found all along the 

 Pacific slope. It is hardly suitable for 

 ground wood except in young trees, and 

 then the resin content is a disadvantage. 

 Owing to the broader summer bands, it is 

 harder than the other woods described, 

 but it has a long strong fibre, and will 

 make excellent cellulose by any alkaline 

 process. 



Amabilis, or Red, Fir, Abies amabilis. 

 This is another species of fir, which 

 is found in the valleys of the Fraser and 

 Columbia, and on the mountain sides. In 

 the valleys it is a fairly large tree, but 

 on the hillsides, it exists very largely as 

 a scrub, with a very close-ringed growth. 

 This scrub growth is very little use for 

 anything except pulp, for a tree from 50 

 to 60 years old would have a diameter of 

 about 6 inches. It contains about 1 per 

 cent, of resin, which is about the same 

 as the species of black spruce, which also 

 grows as scrub in these mountain regions. 

 The specific gravity is 0.4228 and ash 

 0.23. The color is not too dark for ground 

 wood, and some day it will probably be 

 used for that purjiose, although it is 

 rather too resinous for present require- 

 ments. 



In the interior of British Columbia, there 

 is another species of pine called the Bull 

 Bine, Pinus ponderosa, which is a wood 

 quite variable in. character. This wood is 

 supposed to be very resinous, but an av- 

 erage sample examined by the writer, was 

 found to contain but 0.67 per cent, of 

 resin, which is quite within the workable 



limit. As scrub this is a faster-growing 

 wood than the sjiruce, and it is somewhat 

 surprising that it should be heavier in 

 weight. The specific gravity of this wood 

 will average 0.4715, and the ash 0.35. 



To those interested in the study of 

 woods from either their scientific or com- 

 mercial aspect, it is a well recognized 

 fact, that any species having a wide dis- 

 tribution, will, when growing under diff- 

 erent influences of climate, soil, altitude, 

 etc., show a considerable variation in its 

 structure and physical characters. Any 

 fixed data, therefore, although it may re- 

 present the results of a number of ob- 

 servations, can only be taken as a basis 

 from which other specimens may be 

 judged. 



In the above descriptions it has been 

 the writer's endeavor to show from the 

 properties of the various woods, those at- 

 tributes which are essential in any wood 

 for tlie present requirements of pulp mak- 

 ing. 



The conditions of growth in a northern 

 country seem to be best adapted for the 

 development of those species which have 

 a soft and non-resinous wood. Naturally 

 these woods will be exploited and used 

 in the production of pulp and paper, until 

 the costs of working from this source are 

 such as to allow the profitable working of 

 the cheaper but more resistant woods. 



The Brown-tail Moth in Canada. 



The history of the Brown-tail Moth in 

 Canada is briefly as follows : . . 



1902. Mr. Wm. Mcintosh, of St. John, 

 New Brunswick, took a single male speci- 

 men about twenty miles from St. John, N. 

 B. Mr. G. Leavitt also took one. 



1905. In July, Mr. John Russell took a 

 specimen of the moth at Digby, Nova 

 Scotia. 



1907. A i-ingle winter web was received 

 by the Divit-ion from" Mr. C. P. Foote, Lake- 

 ville. King's County, Nova Scotia. Imme- 

 diate inves-tigation rcvea^.ed the presence of 

 several thousand weljs in Annapolis and 

 King's Counties. 



1909. Winter webs containing living cat- 

 erpillars were found in shipments of seed- 

 ling nursery stock imported into Ontario, 

 Quebec, and British Columbia, from France, 

 as a result of the inspection of these ship- 

 ments. 



1910. A single egg mass received in Au- 

 gust from St. Stephen, New Brunswick. 



1911. Winter webs discovered at Pome- 

 roy Ridge, Charlotte County, N.B., being 

 conclusive evidence of the establis-hment of 

 the insect in New Brunswick. The infesta- 

 tion in Nova Scotia also discovered to Ije 

 greater. 



— Eeport of JJominion Entomologist for 

 1911. 



