80 



Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June, 1912. 



cessfiilly competing with Canadian pulp, 

 probably owing to the lower cost of labor 

 in thei-e countries and perhaps, also, to the 

 fact that smaller profits may be satisfac- 

 tory to capital. The home market, also, 

 has increased its production by home forty 

 per cent since 1908, when it took 34 per 

 cent, and in 1911 took almost 48 per cent. 



Canada now supplies approximately half 

 of the United States import of pulp. Less 

 pulpwood in the unmanufactured state was 

 exported in 1911 than in any year since 

 1907. The decrease is confined to Quebec, 

 which sent to the United States over 140,- 

 000 cords less pulpwood than in 1910; On- 

 tario and New Brunswick, on the other 

 hand, have both increased their imports to 

 the United States. Still, of the 1,520,227 

 cords of pulpwood produced in Canada in 

 1911, considerably over half (nearly .56 per 

 cent) is exported unmanufactured, the 

 quantity being 847,939 tons. The total 

 value of the pulpwood produced was $9.- 

 678,616, that of the pulpwood manufactured 

 in Canada $4,338,024, and that of the ex- 

 port being $5,340,592. Had Canada manu- 

 factured into pulp the pulpwood she ex- 

 ported, she would have received, instea'l of 

 the $5,340,592 she actually got, approxi- 

 mately $15,000,000. The pulpwood thus ex- 

 ported would have supplied sixty eight n.ills 

 of the average size of those operating in 

 Canada, and the Dominion, instead of hav- 

 ing fifty four pulp-mills, would thus have 

 a hundred and twenty two; Quebec could 

 supply, with her export, forty five mills of 

 the average size operating in the province, 

 and New Brunswick could double her num- 

 ber. 



Imports of wood-pulp nearly doubled in 

 value, namelv, from $49,000 in 1910 to 

 $94,000 in 191]. 



U. S. FOREST RANGER QUALIFI- 

 CATIONS. 



The requirements and duties of forest 

 rangers on National Forests in the United 

 States are thus described in ' The Use Book, ' 

 which contains the regulations and instruc- 

 tions for the use of the National Forests: 



'A ranger of any grade must be thor- 

 oughly sound and able-bodied, capable of en- 

 during hardships and performing severe la- 

 bour under trying conditions. He must be 

 able to take care of himself and his horses 

 in regions remote from settlement and sup- 

 plies. He must be able to build trails and 

 cabins, ride, pack and deal tactfully with 

 all classes of people. He must know some- 

 thing of land surveying, estimating and scal- 

 ing timber, logging, land laws, mining, and 

 the live-stock business. 



'On some forests the ranger must be a 

 specialist in one or more of these lines of 

 work. Thorough familiarity with the region 



in which he seeks employment, including 

 its geography and its forest and industrial 

 conditions, is usually demanded, although 

 lack of this may be supplied by experience 

 in similar regions. 



'The examination of applicants is along 

 the jjractical liues indicated above, and ac- 

 tual demonstration, by performance, is re- 

 quired. Invalids seeking light out-of-door 

 employment need not apply. Experience, 

 not book education, is sought, although abil- 

 ity to make simple maps and write intelli- 

 gent reports uj'on ordinary forest business 

 is essential. 



' Where saddle horses or pack horses are 

 necessary in the performance of their duty, 

 rangers are required to own and maintain 

 them. The Forest Service furnishes no per- 

 sonal or horse equipment. 



' Rangers execute the work of the Na- 

 tional Forests under the direction of Super- 

 visors. Their duties include patrol to pre- 

 vent fire and trespass, estimating, surveying, 

 and marking timber, the supervision of cut- 

 tings, and similar work. They issue minor 

 permits, build cabins and trails, oversee 

 grazing business, investigate claims, report 

 on applications, and report upon, and ar- 

 rest for, violation of forest laws and regula- 

 tions. ' 



The examination consists of questions re- 

 garding the use of the forest, supplemented 

 by a field test to show the applicant's fit- 

 ness to do the actual work of a ranger. Edu- 

 cation and experience are rated on the 

 answers to the questions on these subjects 

 in the application form and on the appli- 

 cant's use of English in the written test. 

 Horses for the tests in riding and packing 

 are provided by the Forest Service. 



The examination is under the control of 

 the Civil Service Commission, and not of the 

 Forest Service. 



The law requires that, when practicable, 

 forest rangers must be qualified citizens of 

 the State or Territory in which the National 

 Forest on which they are appointed is situ- 

 ated. Since the list of local eligibles must 

 be exhausted before eligibles residing in 

 other States can be appointed, the chance of 

 citizens of outside States who go to the Na- 

 tional Forest States and take the examina- 

 tion to secure an appointment is small. 



The per capita lumber production in Can- 

 ada in 1909 was about 684 board feet, pro- 

 bably the greatest in the world. The per 

 capita production in the United States in 

 1909 was 470 board feet. It is probable 

 that with an increased demand due to forest 

 depletion in other countries, with the devel- 

 opment of transportation system to northern 

 forest regions, now inaccessible, the forest 

 production of Canada will still further in- 

 crease even though it has already reached 

 proportions which under present systems of 

 administration the forest of this country^ 

 cannot permanently support. 



