io The Animal Mind 



anything. The conduct of an experiment upon an animal 

 will, of course, vary according to the problem to be solved. 

 If the object is to test some innate reaction on the animal's 

 part, such as its ordinary responses to stimulation or its 

 instincts, one need merely place the animal under favorable 

 conditions for observation, make sure that it is not fright- 

 ened or in an abnormal state, supply the appropriate stimu- 

 lus unmixed with others, and watch the result. If it is 

 desired to study the process by which an animal learns to 

 adapt itself to a new situation, one must, of course, make 

 sure in addition that the situation really is new to the ani- 

 mal, and yet that it makes sufficient appeal to some instinc- 

 tive tendency to supply a motive for the learning process. 



As one might expect, among the earliest experiments 

 upon animals were those made by physiologists with a view 

 to determining the functions of sense organs. The experi- 

 mental movement in psychology was slow in extending 

 itself into the field of the animal mind. 



Romanes, whose adherence to the anecdotal method we 

 have noted, made in 1881, rather as a physiologist than as 

 a psychologist, a number of exact and highly valued experi- 

 ments on ccelenterates and echinoderms, which were sum- 

 marized in his book entitled " Jelly-fish, Star-fish, and Sea- 

 urchins," published in 1885. He has also recorded some 

 rather informal experiments on the keenness of smell in 

 dogs. Sir John Lubbock, in 1883, reported the results of 

 some experiments on the color sense of the small crustacean 

 Daphnia, and his book on "Ants, Bees, and Wasps," con- 

 taining an account of experimental tests of the senses and 

 "intelligence" of these insects, appeared in the same year. 

 A German entomologist, Vitus Graber, experimented very 

 extensively at about this period on the senses of sight and 

 smell in many animals. Preyer, the authority on child 



