298 The Animal Mind 



they succeeded within this interval whether they did or did 

 not change the position of their bodies. "Each of these 

 animals could react successfully when the wrong orientation 

 was held at the moment of release, and when, so far as 

 the experimenter could detect, no part of the animal's 

 body remained constant during the interval of delay" 

 (p. 43). Thus, after the light was turned off, and they had 

 moved about during the period of delay, when they were 

 released they could move in the direction where they had 

 seen the light. The same type of behavior, but extending 

 over much longer periods of delay, was characteristic of 

 children in similar tests, and would seem to be naturally 

 accompanied by memory ideas, although Hunter prefers 

 to speak of the re-arousal of " intra-organic cues." In 

 the present writer's opinion, all ideas are accompanied by 

 " intra-organic " or kinaesthetic cues. We shall refer later 

 to this point. 1 



Another experimental method which, like the Delayed 

 Reaction Method, has been devised to study the possible 

 functioning of ideas in various animals is the Multiple 

 Choice Method. Its beginnings are to be found in the 

 work of Hamilton (283). As he used it, the essential 

 features were as follows. The animal was placed in a 

 compartment with four exit doors. All of these doors 

 were locked except one, and that one might be any one of 

 the four except the door that was open in the previous 

 experiment. The object of the test was to see whether or 

 riot the animal approached comprehension of this prin- 

 ciple. The subjects were a normal man, a defective man, 



1 A curious type of delayed reaction, which must await further investi- 

 gation, is reported by Mast (471) of the firefly Photinus pyralis. The 

 flash of a female firefly causes the male to move in her direction. The 

 turning of the male occurs after the female has flashed. 



