302 The Animal Mind 



Further, what is the difference between reviving such a 

 motor attitude at the sight of a stimulus, and making an 

 ordinary response to a stimulus, such as any animal may 

 learn? The difference is that in the latter case an actual, 

 visible movement is made, while in the former case the 

 movement is internally anticipated and not externally visi- 

 ble. Such an internally anticipated movement is probably 

 always present when in the human consciousness we have 

 a memory idea : when I recall a mental image of an ob- 

 ject such as a fork, I " internally anticipate" the movements 

 of handling the fork. Whether the converse of this prop- 

 osition is also true, and we invariably have memory ideas 

 whenever we internally anticipate movements, is highly 

 doubtful, but at least it may safely be said that an animal 

 which gives evidence of being able to anticipate its own 

 movements has the possibility of memory ideas in its 

 consciousness. (For reasons which have been elsewhere 1 

 stated, the present writer is inclined to think that this 

 internal anticipation of movements means actual slight con- 

 tractions of the muscles involved in performing the move- 

 ments.) Whenever, then, as in the case of success in the De- 

 layed Reaction Method where the bodily position is varied, 

 in that of inferential imitation, and in that of choosing al- 

 ways the middle stimulus, the behavior seems to demand 

 that the movements shall be anticipated by the animal 

 which performs them, we have evidence in favor of the 

 memory idea. 



78. Conditions Favoring the Development of Memory 



Ideas 



An important condition of an animal's ability to 

 anticipate its movements, to "know beforehand" what it 



1 Movement and Mental Imagery. New York, 1916. 



