OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY 481 



taken up the crushing of kernels. Bristol and Manchester have both 

 thought about it. 



Crushing has been tried in Africa, but has not been very successful 

 so far, the cost of the operations having proved too high. In the 

 Congo, however, it is still being done. 



The crushing plants in Nigeria are situated at Opoba and Apapa, 

 near Lagos. 



14a. Other Methods of Kernel Crushing — Solvents. — Com- 

 mercially, kernels are heated with solvents or pressure is used to extract 

 the oil. According to Mr. Dennett the first expression takes place 

 at a temperature of 45° to 50° C, and the second at 55° to 60° C. The 

 double pressing is necessary owing to the amount of fat in the oil. 

 By solvents, all or only a part can be taken out of the kernels. If all 

 is taken, then they are almost valueless as cake, owing to its lack 

 of oil. 



15. Palm-kernel Produce. — Palm-kernel cake used to contain 

 20 to 22 per cent, of fibre and 10 per cent, of oil, which went rancid, 

 so was not liked here. 



This was the main reason why palm-kernel cake was not used to 

 any extent by farmers in England before the war. 



15a. Yield of Oil, Kernels and Cake. — From 46 to 53 per cent, 

 of palm-kernel oil is obtained from the kernels. 



Roughly speaking, a ton of kernels yields half a ton of cake, accord- 

 ing to Mr. R. E. Dennett. 



According to the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute 1 ton of kernels 

 yields 1,000 lb. of oil. 



Palm-kernel Cake and Oil Exports. — Palm-kernel cake was exported 

 to Denmark in September 1915-18, 863 bags. 



156. Analysis of Kernel Cake. — This, according to a recent 

 analysis in the Field by Frank J. Lloyd, 



Fibre.. 



Mineral matters 



Nutrients — 

 Oil 



Albuminoids 

 Carbohydrates 



Water 



A further analysis shows 



Per cent. 



14-80 

 3-55 



6-17 

 16 12 

 48-51 

 10-85 



100-00 



Per cent. 



Oil 5-5-10 



Albuminoids .. .. .. 15-8-18*5 



Carbohydrates . . . . . . 36-50 



31 



