164 MECHANISM AND FUNCTIONS OF THE JOINTS. 



cipital bone to the tail. It covers and connects the spinous 

 processes of the back, loins, sacrum, and coccyx. This lig- 

 ament forms a strong connecting medium between the spines 

 of the vertebras. 



Ligaments of the pelvis. — Two superior transverse liga- 

 ments are fixed to the transverse processes of these bones 

 above ; two inferior, below, run from the fourth and fifth 

 transverse processes of the loins to the crest of the ileum. 

 Sacro-iliac symphysis consists of a cartilago-ligamentous 

 substance interposed between, and firmly adherent to, the 

 transverse processes of the sacrum,^and the inward part of the 

 ileum. This union is strengthened by ligamentary bands, 

 which run from the posterior spine, and border of the ileum, 

 to the transverse process of the sacrum. 



Sacro-sciatic ligaments are broad expansions, stretched 

 across the sacro-sciatic notch. They arise from the transverse 

 processes of the sacrum, and those of two or three uppermost 

 bones of the coccyx, and are extended to the posterior parts 

 of the ileum and ischium, and to the tuberosity of the 

 latter. 



Obturator ligament is an expansion, thinner than the last, 

 which passes across the foramen magnum ischii. . 



Ligament of the symphysis is the cartilago-ligamentous 

 substance which unites the pubic bones. 



Ligaments of the ribs. — Every rib is connected to two 

 vertebras by four ligaments, viz., two capsular internal and 

 external ligaments. 



Capsular ligament of the head invests and holds it within 

 the vertebral socket. Two articular cavities are found within 

 it, one with each vertebra, which have separate synovial 

 linings. 



Capsular ligament of the tubercle surrounds it at its ar- 

 ticulation with the transverse process of the vertebra. 



External and internal ligaments consist of strong fibres, 

 which connect the neck of the rib, above and below, to the 

 spine. 



Intercostal ligaments are broad fibrous bands which run 



