210 DICTIONARY OF THE VETERINARY ART. 



one end only. In the horse this part of the intestines is re- 

 markably large. 



Calf, Diseases of. Many of the diseases of the calves 

 originate in a disordered state of the stomach, either from tak- 

 ing too much milk at a time, or from the milk not being suffi- 

 ciently fresh, or being taken from a cow whose health is 

 impaired. Whenever the stomach is disordered, either by 

 the quantity or quality of the milk, it causes a variety of dis- 

 orders, such as scouring, want of appetite, costiveness, colic, 

 yellows, convulsions, &c. 



Calkins. A name given to the prominences on horses' 

 shoes, which are turned downward for the purpose of prevent- 

 ing their slipping. 



Calving. At the end of nine lunar months the period of 

 the cow's gestation is complete ; but the parturition does 

 not exactly take place at that time : it is sometimes earlier, at 

 others later. " One hundred and sixteen cows had their time 

 of calving registered : fourteen of them calved from the two 

 hundred and forty-first day to the two hundred and sixty- 

 sixth day, — that is, eight months and one day to eight months 

 and twenty-six days ; three on the two hundred and seven- 

 tieth day ; fifty-six from the two hundred and seventieth to 

 the two hundred and eightieth day ; eighteen from the two 

 hundred and eightieth to the two hundred and ninetieth 

 day ; twenty on the three hundredth day ; five on the three 

 hundred and eighth day; consequently there were sixty-seven 

 days between the two extremities. Immediately before calv- 

 ing, the animal appears uneasy ; the tail is elevated ; she 

 shifts about from place to place, and is frequently lying down 

 and getting up again. The labor pains then come on, and by 

 the expulsive power of the womb, the foetus, with the mem- 

 branes enveloping it, is pushed forward. At first the mem- 

 branes appear beyond the vagina or shape, in the form of a 

 bladder of water : this soon bursts, the water is discharged, 

 the head and fore feet of the calf are protruded (in natural 

 labor) beyond the shape. The body next appears, and the 

 delivery is complete. In a little time afterwards, some trifling 



