APPENDIX. 287 



again receives a portion from the paunch, which passes into 

 the stomach in the manner just described. 



Rumination and digestion are mechanico-vital operations, 

 and can only be properly performed when the animal is in a 

 physiological or healthy state. 



Now, a portion of the food, we just observed, had ascended 

 the gullet by the aid of the spiral muscles, and entered the 

 mouth ; it is again submitted to the action of the grinders, 

 and a fresh supply of saliva; it is at length swallowed a 

 second time. It is now of a softer consistence, and better 

 adapted for assimilation. Instead of falling, as at first, direct- 

 ly into the paunch, it continues on to the third division of the 

 stomach, called the manyplus, or manifolds. This division 

 of the organ abounds internally in a quantity of leaves, 

 called laminae. Some of these are attached to the upper and 

 lower portion of the division, and also some of the laminae 

 float loose, and penetrate into the oesophagian canal. The 

 laminae have numerous projections on their surface, resem- 

 bling those papillae on and around the base of the tongue. 

 The action of this stomach is one of alternate contraction 

 and expansion ; this motion is jointly communicated to it by 

 the action of the diaphragm, and its own peculiar arrange- 

 ment. It will be readily perceived, that by this arrangement 

 the food is submitted to a sort of grinding process. The 

 papillae, or prominences, present a rough and hard surface, 

 sufficient to grind down the food, unless it be of too fibrous 

 a nature, such as fox-grass, corn-stalks, &c. These articles 

 make sad havoc in this and other organs, owing to their un- 

 yielding nature. They overtax the digestive organs ; debility 

 ensues ; sympathetic action is set up, and a general derange- 

 ment follows. 



The farmer, as Gov. Briggs observes, " is ignorant alike of 

 the disease and the remedy." The neighbors are called in; 

 down go castor oil, aloes, gin and molasses, in rapid suc- 

 cession. He has got inflammation of the insides, says one ; 

 give him a half pound of salts : no sooner said than done ; the 

 salts are hurried down, and, of course, find their way into the 



