DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 47 



mjected from its weight. A syringe is good for this pur 

 pose. A pretty good one may be made of tin. In En«y- 

 land, Reed's stomach pump is used for this purpose, in 

 preference to all other apparatus. 



ASTRINGENTS AND TONICS. 



These medicines are of a binding nature, and tend to 

 the reduction of inflammation, and to constipation in the 

 bowels ; on this account, while they are given, internally 

 to cure some disorders, it is necessary to use laxative 

 Jood, such as mashes, potatoes, &c., or gentle physic, to 

 keep the bowels in good condition. 



Opium, or laudanum, is a powerful astringent, and i/ 

 IS also a good anodyne. It is used both for cattle and 

 horses, for colic, spasms, locked jaw, &c. It should 

 however, be given with great caution. It is mostly used 

 internally. In fevers it irritates, but after a fever it 

 soothes. The usual dose is one ounce of laudanum for 

 a lull-grown animal. 



Alum, as an astringent, is used both internallv and ex- 

 ternally. Catechu is a powerful astringent, and is often 

 given to animals. It is mostly used internally, but as a 

 tincture, it is good externally. It is generally used in 

 connection with other medicines, entering into the dose 

 to the amount of four drachms. 



Blue Vitriol {sulphate of copper) is used internally, 

 to check nasal discharges, and externally for hoof-ail 

 warts, and sometimes, lightly, in the treatment of wounds' 

 I'owDERED Chalk is a valuable astringent in some 

 cases, particularly as the alkali unites with the acid in 

 the stomach and neutralizes it. There is much acid in 

 the stomach of calves afflicted ^vith dysentery : hence 

 tiie advantage of supplying them with a lump of chalk 

 to lick. 



Black Cherry and Yellow Birch Bark are good 

 astringents for the jaundice. 



Raspberry Leaf Tea is a mild astringent, and an ano- 

 ayne. It is used internally and externally. It allays 

 mflammation of the bowels, and fever, and tends to the 

 reduction of external inflammation or swellings. 



