ANIMAL LOCOMOTIOX. 53 



less than 5° from the vertical. In Fig. 6, the foot has left the 

 ground, and with the metatarsus and leg to the knee, become 

 deflected to 40° minus, while the thigh remains the same, — 

 namely, less than 5° plus. In series 690 {Cervus dama, fallow 

 deer) the anterior oblique is 140°, and the posterior 10°. 



The method here accepted of determining the degrees of the 

 deflection of the different parts of the limb is sufficiently accurate 

 for all purposes except in the case of the thigh, where the slight 

 movement of the entire mass forward is an imperfect index to the 

 deflections of the femur. 



It will be seen that the fore limb moves as a whole, while the 

 hind limb varies in each of its segments. It is true the fore limb 

 presents an angulation between the axes of the digits in hoofed 

 animals and the rest of the limb, but on the whole the limb may 

 be compared to a prop. (See pp. 41, 62.) 



In a general way it may be said that the forward strain of the 

 fore limb is parallel in the lioness to the forward strain of the 

 hind limb ; but the deflection of the hind limb in forward strain 

 is two and one-half times greater, as compared with that of the 

 fore. In the elephant the forward strain of the fore limb is 

 greater than the forward strain of the hind limb by ten degrees ; 

 and the backward strain of the fore limb is ten degrees less than 

 that of the hind. The general trend, therefore, of the two limbs 

 in animals so remote as the tiger and the elephant presents con- 

 trasts which in their way are as great as the anatomical peculiari- 

 ties of the animals themselves. 



The correlations of these deflections with the trunk are doubt- 

 less exact, but no systematic effort has been made to define them. 

 A vertical line drawn upward through the foot and made to in- 

 tersect the vertebral column might be made available in the for- 

 mation of an index of importance. It is noticed that in the 

 photograph of the lioness this vertical line corresponds to the 

 second of the minute dorsal elevations. As a general rule, it may 

 be said that the line intersects the vertebral column at a point 

 answering to a distance of twice the breadth of the withers. Again, 

 in the lioness the forward strain of the hind foot yields a point by 

 which the vertical line can be drawn upward which intersects the 

 vertebral column at the last of the dorsal marks. 



While the purpose of the forward strain in the claw-footed 



