64 MATERIALS FOR A MEMOIR ON 



animals is to secure a purchase on the ground by which the trunk 

 can be pulled forward, in the hoofed animals it exhibits another, 

 — namely, to protect the massive head. (See succeeding section.) 



The following: measurements have been made of the hind limb 

 of the horse at end of backward strain in the rack, tiie pace, the 

 trot, and the gallop : 



Rack. Pace. Trot. Trot. Gallop. 



Time, 17. Time, 19. 



590, Fig. 2 591, Fig. 9 007, Fig. IG 609, Fig. 2 631, Fig. 3 



Foot, 2°+ Foot, 0° Foot, 0° Foot, 1°+ Foot, 0° 



Metat., 8°+ Metat., 21°+ Metat., 21°+ Metat., 30°+ Metat., 40°+ 



Leg, 40°+ Leg, 50°+ Leg, 40°+ Leg, 40°+ Leg, 60°+ 



Extent of Forward Movement of the Anterior Extremity. 



The position of the hoof of the fore foot in forward strain 

 varies with respect to the head in different ungulates. In the 

 heavily-built forms, as the ox, it reaches the occiput only, in the 

 Indian buffalo (series 701) the ear, while in the deer (series 688) 

 it appears to advance even beyond the muzzle. (See p. 38.) 



This arrangement doubtless correlates with the massiveness of 

 the head, when the fore limb comes to the rest beneath the head, 

 as in the Indian buffalo and allied animals, and with speed, when 

 it reaches the ground in advance of the centre of the head. 



The extreme position of the hind limb after it is taken off 

 varies greatly, as indeed it also does in the limb just prior to its 

 being lifted from the ground. 



The changes in the relative positions of the fore foot when off 

 in the various gaits are important. In the dog and the doe the 

 entire extremity is acutely flexed. In the adult deer it is ex- 

 tended, as is also the case in the cat. (See p. 92.) 



The hind foot appears to retain its position for a longer time 

 than the fore foot, — that is to say, in the fore limb the impres- 

 sion is given that it is preparing to leave the ground soon after it 

 passes its vertical, while in the hind limb the propulsive power 

 is expended through the entire period of the *' stroke," and is 

 as pronounced in the positions back of the vertical as in any 

 other. 



The toes of the fore leg are flexed quickly, even in Echidna 



