ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 91 



borne in mind the following additional observations can be 

 made : 



The torsion of the limb is pronounced in the Tylopoda ex- 

 amined, — viz., the camel, the dromedary, and the gnanaeo. This 

 fact should not be disassociated with the absence of anchylosis be- 

 tween the cuboid bone and scaphoid bone with these animals. 



In contrasting the above examples with the Pecora, — e.g., the 

 other ruminants, excepting the family of the musk-deers, not 

 examined, — the following structural features may be mentioned 

 as correlations of peculiarities of gait. 



In the Tylopoda, when the limb is supporting the body, the 

 hoof is always in line of support with the rest of the limb. In 

 the deer the hoof and digits are angulated with the rest of the limb. 



In the Tylopoda the joints are thick, and the outlines are dis- 

 tinctly seen. The fore limb of the Tylopoda is never noticed at 

 a point posterior to the withers, but leaves the ground at an angle 

 of about minus forty degrees. The fore limb of the Pecora is 

 vertical at a point at the centre of the trunk, and leaves the 

 ground at about minus fifteen to twenty degrees. When the limb 

 is off the ground, the digits are flexed to a greater degree in the 

 Tylopoda than in the Pecora. 



In the Pecora the limb is smaller and more delicate in propor- 

 tion to the bulk of the body; the spread of the hoof is less, and 

 the movement of the bones each in the other more precise than 

 in the Tylopoda. 



The vertical position of the fore limb under the centre of the 

 trunk is possible, because of the oblique position of the humerus. 

 The heavily-built bovine animals present the same contrasts as 

 the deer, with the exception that the fore limb is carried less back- 

 ward. (See p. 45.) 



The camel has a relatively short metapodium. The joints 

 present curved contours in place of angular ones, — excepting the 

 angle formed by the hock, — and even this is less pronounced than 

 in other ruminants. 



Minor Peculiarities. 



While the general features of the quadrupedal motion are in all 

 animals the same, minor peculiarities of the carriage have doubt- 

 less taxonomic significance. A number of these will be indicated. 



