86 



GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 



must be indulged in for exercise, but must be in- 

 dulged in only to ccirrespond with our physical 

 strength. Many a man has shortened his life by 

 overdoing. 



It " makes nr^e tired " to hear you speak of that 

 hoe. I never could do anything with a hoe; but 

 ■when it came to cultivating crops with horses, I 

 w:i,s and am strictly " on the job." I am inclosing 

 you a cut of my four-horse apple-orchard cultivator 

 tihat will do more work than a thousand men ^Yith 

 lioes day after day. I have orchards of my own, 

 and do lots of contracting to grow orchards for non- 

 residents. This year I handled alone 195 acres. 

 We cultivate these orchards ten times in five months. 

 Tills would make 195fl acres to cultivate once over, 

 or at the rate of 17 acres per day for 130 days in 

 the 5 months. As my capacity is 20 to 25 acres 

 per day, you can readily see that I would have 

 some spare time to rest besides the rest on Sundays. 

 N(rt only cultivating the ground, but I must drive 

 within one to three inches of the trees every time I 

 pass a tree, and not bark it. There are about 100 

 trees per acre. Here are four horses trained so 

 perfectly that it is possible to do just such close 

 work. I can take a weed out from close to a tree 

 with this monster cultivator as easily as you can 

 with your " little hoe." With cultivators made for 

 the purpose, corn, potatoes, and all garden stuff, if 

 planted in rows the right distance apart, can be 

 cultivated more perfectly than even you, Mr. Root, 

 could possibly do it with the hoe. Not only better 

 work i.-? done, but a thousand times as much more 

 work is done, with a larger crop. Not one bit of 

 hand hoeing for me. Give me the grand noble 

 horses hitched to a good cultivator, and it is simply 

 play to raise any kind of crop on good soil. My 

 liur&es are so trained that I could send them over 

 tlie field without me to drive them, occasionally, and 

 the work would be done just the same. But soon 

 they would miss the tension on the lines, and be- 

 come lost. These horses are a part of myself to a 

 certain extent. They come at my call, and call mc 

 when they want water and feed. When turned out 

 in the pasture for a day or so, and they do not see 

 me, when I go after them they are as tickled to -ee 

 me as a dog is hi., master. This cultivator cuts as 

 wide as ten to twelve feet, and requires four-horse 

 power. I am doing two men's work. 



Brewster, Wash., Dec. 14. V. W. Clough. 



TILE DRAINS, AND TILE MADE OF CEMENT 

 IN PLACE OP CLAY 



In the closing chapter of our book on 

 tile drainage I made mention of the bad 

 results down in Florida that came from 

 home-made tiles made of cement and sand. 

 This question has come up several times, 

 and I have been told that well-made cement 

 tiles answer all purposes, and stand all 

 kinds of weather here in the North. How- 

 ever, I am just in receipt of a bulletin 

 the heading of which reads as follows: 



DURABILITY OF CEMENT DRAIN TILE IN ALKALI 

 SOILS. 



The closing remarks of this bulletin are 

 as follows: 



Drain tile manufactured in a manner as described 

 for cement mixtures not leaner than one part cement 

 to three parts of aggregate are apparently unaffected 

 structurally when exposed for one year in operat- 

 ing drains in very concentrated alkali soils, sim- 

 ilar to any of those included in the investigation. 



Drain tile made from cement mixtures leaner 

 than 1 part cement to 3 parts of aggregate should 



not be used in localities where the character of the 

 alkali and concentration is similar to that found at 

 tli'j site of the experimental drains at Grand Junction, 

 Colo., Montrose, Colo., and Garland, Wyo. 



Drain tile manufactured in the manner described 

 of 1 part cement to 4 parts of aggregate, the lean- 

 est mixture used, is apparently unaffected struc- 

 turally by exposure for one year in an operating 

 drain in concentrated alkali soils similar to those 

 found at Port Shaw, Mont.; Sunnyside, Washington; 

 Yuma, .Arizona, and Roswell, N. M. 



Other than the above, no very general conclu- 

 sions should be drawn from this investigation until 

 the results of further tests are obtained. It is an- 

 ticipated that this report will be amended from time 

 to time as the results are obtainable. 



The dejjartment v.'ould be pleased to receive inform- 

 ation concerning tlie behavior of the concrete exposed 

 to concentrated alkali soil which maj' come to the at- 

 tention of engineers or others interested in the use 

 of concrete under these conditions. 



Washington, D. C, July 12, 1915. 



You will notice that in the above no 

 mention is made of Florida soils; arid so 

 far as I am aware we have no alkali there 

 to trouble us; but for some unknown rea- 

 son all the cement tiles in our neighbor- 

 hood, in Manatee County, have dissolved or 

 rotted out sooner or later. Mine were 

 mostW gone inside of a year. But I think 

 that Mr. Rood's, or at least the most of 

 them, did fairly good service for two or 

 three years; and it is very likely that 

 neither his tiles nor mine were made as 

 strong in cement as mentioned. 



IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli:illllllllllll!ll!l 



"efficiency-'^ (and economy) THE " SLO- 

 GAN.-'^ 



We clip the following most sensible sug- 

 gestions from The Friend^ published away 

 off in Honolulu : 



WAR AND FOOD. 



Reports from Germany tell the news that, because 

 of the cutting of supplies from abroad, the na- 

 tion's men of science have been compelled to give 

 attention to the food problem in a way never before 

 demanded. In consequence, new sources of food 

 and the entire question of the amount and charac- 

 ter of sustenance are being gone into with German 

 thoroness made all the more effective by the very 

 pressing demands of the hunger situation. Out of 

 this will come information of exceeding value to 

 the world. In every wide-awake nation today there 

 are numbers of people who are revising their habits 

 of eating and drinking. Stimulants are being thrown 

 to the bats and moles ; tobacco and other narcotics 

 are being discarded ; meat consumption is being 

 radically curtailed, and a regimen in accord with 

 the demands of health and highest eflSciency is eag- 

 erly sought. One of the greatest blessings which 

 the war will confer, therefore, will come to these 

 enthusiasts for being at one's best from Germany 

 after the exhaustive study and experimentation now 

 being conducted shall have crystallized into scien- 

 tific knowledge. All who believe that extravagance 

 in eating and drinking are marks of the beast in 

 human nature, and directly prevent one's highest 

 development, will hail these results with enthusiasm. 

 Economy in food Is the great demand of our day 

 and nation, and it is good to think that this war, 

 if it had to come, will help men to live more health- 

 fully as well as more brotherly. 



