SEPTK^tBKR, 1920 



G T. E A N I N O R T N B E K C U I, T U R E 



531 



followed by olliors, in wiiicli tlic t'annors 

 ulso took part. 



All the work of building up tlie beekeep- 

 ing industry to which Prof. Schenk devoted 

 himself for these first 15 years after arrival 

 in Brazil was carried on at his own ex- 

 pense. His services were free and his ex- 

 penses paid from his income derived from 

 his own bees, and whenever this income fell 

 short he was obliged to borrow. 



At the end of these 15 years, in 1911, the 

 Federal government of Rio de .laneiro and 

 the State government of Rio Grande pur- 

 chased liis bee book, and in the same year 

 he was em|)loved by the Department of Agri- 

 culture in Hio .laneiro, as I'rofessor of Bee- 

 keeping. In til is capacity he was sent out to 

 hold meetings and conferences among the 

 farmers. During the last four years lie has 

 served as Professor of Beekeeping in 

 the State School of Agriculture. Tliis 

 school has a four years' course, and in 

 the last year all ihe pupils are required to 

 study apiculture. In the accompanying il- 

 lustration will be seen the modern bee-yard 

 which he has established for the students. 



Whenever Prof. Schenk has been occupied 

 with other work, his family have always 

 managed the bees during his absence. The 

 oldest boy, Arthur, who is now seventeen, is 

 a very good beekeeper and easily manages 

 ."500 colonies, together with poultry-raising; 

 but, of course, has assistance in the work. 

 Prof. Schenk tells us that his family, com- 

 posed of Prof, and Mrs. Schenk and the nine 

 chihlren, uses tiOU pounils of honey annually. 



If all the families appreciated honey as 

 much as this family does, we would hear 

 no talk of the need of developing a market. 

 The hive he uses is rather small, about 10 

 inches square, and 12 inches in height. He 

 prefers this shape because, he says, such a 

 size more nearly conforms to that used in 

 trees by bees in the natural state. During 

 the past three years there has been consid- 

 erable loss from what Prof. Schenk believes 



Mr. Silifiik explaining modern beekeeping to vi.sit- 

 ing farmers. 



to be Isle of Wight disease. He says he has 

 lost as many as 200 or more colonies in about 

 three weeks. A little later Mr. Schenk him- 

 self may tell us more concerning beekeeping 

 methods in Bi-a/.il. 



FOUL BROOD PRECAUTIONS 



Robber-cloth Used and Supers 9^e- 

 turned to Their 0-wn Hives 



By E. R. Root 



GEORGE B. 

 Larinan o f 

 Pasadena, 

 f'al., is one of the 

 most extensive 

 producers of 

 orange and sage 

 honey in Califor- 

 nia. He has his 

 apiaries covering 



a wide range of territory, and, what is more, 

 is one who seems to be almost uniformly suc- 

 cessful whether the seasons are gooil or not. 

 As I have formerly pointed out, no one can 

 succeed in jiroducing orange honey unless he 

 knows how to winter well and have good, 

 strong colonies at the beginning of the 

 orange How, and Larinan is that sort of man, 

 judging by what I hear. He also believes it 

 pays to have all the latest apparatus for ex- 

 tracting and anything else that will .save 

 human labor. Furthermore, he has his work 

 systematized so that everything moves along 

 without hitch or break. 



Like many other beekeepers in California, 

 he takes every precaution possible against 

 the inroads of foul brood, particularly the 

 American type, even tho he is not supposed 

 to have it. One of the means to that end is 



to number all his 

 hives and supers. 

 When he comes 

 to the extracting 

 season the supers 

 are taken off the 

 hive, wheeled to 

 the extracting- 

 house, extracted 

 and then re- 

 turned to the hive w^lence they came. By 

 the scheme that he uses, this is very simple 

 and easy. If at any time foul brood breaks 

 out in the apiary it will be largely con- 

 fined to the same set of hives and supers all 

 on one hive-stand. This is precisely the 

 practice advocated by Dr. Phillips. 



Some beekeepers in California do not be- 

 lieve there is anything in this. They claim 

 that a foul-broody comb would infect the 

 extractor, and that, therefore, the extractor 

 would in turn infect every set of combs in 

 the apiary. While this is true, the chances 

 for spreading the disease are very much less 

 when the supers are put back on the hive 

 whence they came. Many of the leading 

 beekeepers of California practice this plan. 

 To say the least, it is a wise precaution. 

 The figure here shown illustrates two of 



