46 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



road, the nearest rows of young plants should he protected, as 

 in Fig. 20, each with three rough stakes with the jagged sides 

 pointing outwards. When for the removal of a strong growth 

 of herhage, or other reasons, 

 pasture in young growth is con- 

 sidered advisable, this should be 

 allowed only from the 1st of July 

 after the year's shoots have com- 

 menced hardening, and in dry 

 weather. By multiple-planting 

 at each spot, in threes or more, 



Fig. 19. — Protection for youn» ,i • , - 



plants. there is more chance of success 



in grazed forests, than when 

 single plants are used. In grazed selection forests, the only 

 certam system of reproduction is to plant in groups where 

 old trees have been removed, and fence-in each group until 

 the plants require no further protection. 



r. Durafion of Fashire. 



The usual duration of pasture in Europe is from May till 

 September. The period for grazing varies in different coun- 

 tries, being, however, much the same in the mountainous 

 parts of Northern India as in Europe. In hot countries 

 great danger arises from the custom of firing the dry grass 

 in forests for spring-grazing, in order to get fresh young shoots 

 from the rhizomes of the grass, as the dead cold- weather grass 

 is unnutritious. In certain forests, however, some of the 

 grasses remain green, long after the grass outside the forests 

 has dried up, especially when the forests are at a certain 

 altitude and on northern aspects. 



Owing to unsuitability of the unburned grass for pasture, 

 certain inferior areas of forest and blanks may have to be 

 given up as grazing-grounds, and burned annually for this 

 purpose. It is found by experience, that, owing to constant 

 grazing, coarse grasses gradually disappear from these areas, 

 so that eventually they need not he burned, the non-inflam- 

 mability of the finer grasses then assists in the protection of 

 the valuable parts of the forest from fire. It is, however, 

 always preferable to try and induce the people to cut and 



