52 protf:ction against man. 



from it. Thus sapwood, of wliieli young branches are chiefly 

 composed, contains far more potash than heartwood. 



In the Crown forests of Hesse the privilege of collecting 

 dead wood gratis is subject to the following rules : — 



All dry fallen wood, which in tlie opinion of the forest 

 manager is unsuitable for sale, may be taken. Also dead 

 branches, which can be broken off by hand by one person 

 without climl)ing the trees, provided it be not over 6 cm, 

 (2| inches) in diameter. Only poor people provided with 

 formal permits are admitted between sunrise and sunset to 

 this privilege. All tools are excluded, and no sale of the wood 

 allowed. Transport is by head-loads, or in hand-sledges. 

 The privilege is stopped during May and June. 



In North-West Indian State-forests, the privilege of 

 removal of dead fuel is frequently leased annually ; it is also 

 granted free to villages paying grazing dues, and to travellers 

 on high roads passing through the forests. 



9. Ut'))ior<il of Stones, Gravel, Sand, etc. 



The following rules should be enforced : — 



All quarries, sand, clay and gravel pits must be properly 

 demarcated, and the boundaries strongly walled or fenced to 

 prevent accidents. Proper precautions must be taken that 

 neither roads, nor streams, nor the forest outside the quarry 

 are imperilled by quarrying. 



Jn agreements made with lessees of stone-quarries, etc., they 

 may have to pay for repairs to forest roads leading from the 

 quarry ; they should also be held responsible for any damage 

 done by their employees. In French State-forests, wliere 

 coal-mines are worked below the forests and subsidences 

 occur, the coal companies have either to restore the ground 

 to its original level and replant it, or to dig out fish- tanks, 

 which are valuable in Fi-ance. 



Stones lying about on the ground should be collected only 

 where their removal is not prejudicial to the forest, and when 

 removed, the ground where they were lying should be levelled. 

 Eemoval of loose stones should not generally be allowed on 

 the sites of fellings, especially on loose sandy or calcareous soils 



